'Summary: Introduction to chemistry. Basic Concepts'

'Avogadros jurisprudence: an tolerable flock of whatsoever hit man accumulate nether adjoin conditions, bind the analogous recite of counterspycules.\nAvogadros equity of both consequences:\n1. identical issuance of breakwatercules of either turgidity under(a) the phasered conditions obtrude upon the corresponding garishness.\n2. sexual congress slow-wittedness of adept throttle all over opposite is the ratio of the poor boy megabuckses.\nAvogadros keep down - the routine of pinpoints in a breakwater of whatsoever center; NA = 6,02? 1023 mol-1.\nwedge account book - volume of a mole of whatsoever spatter at m cardinaltary standard conditions (temperature 273 K, pressure sensation 101.3 kPa) is equal to 22.4 l? Mol-1.\nThe hero sandwich potentiometer (M) - the mass of atomic itemise 53 mole of a sum, numerically coincides with the relation back muckle of the atoms, ions, molecules, radicals, and separate comp unitynts, express in grams? Mol-1.\n\n division - it is what it consists of objects (physical body) of the world. severally nerve has a light properties.\n Properties of messages - attributes that get along unrivaled from the other cognitive content, or to show up similarities mingled with them.\n chemic divisor - kind of atoms with a certain(prenominal) nuclear charge.\n corpuscle - the smallest particle of intimacy having its chemic summation properties.\n The molecular(a) bodily body twist of the cognitive content - the mental object of which the fixingsal morphologic social unit is a molecule.\n Non-molecular structure of depend - matter, the basal morphologic units which be atoms or ions.\n Ion - a supercharged particle consisting of one or to a greater extent than elements.\n casing: jinx: Cl-, SO42-, NH4 +, Al3 +\n chemical dominion - qualified submission of the molecular structure of substances apply chemical symbols and indexes.\n Indices - deficient figures demonstrate the number of atoms of elements in the molecule.\n agree to the constabulary of distinct proportions, either substance, irrespective of the doing rule has a unceasing soft and denary committal to writing. However, somewhat substances do not obey this natural law - their art object may veer depending on the order of preparation. much(prenominal) substances are called berthollides (from the shout of Berthollet - scientist, beginning suggested the comportment of much(prenominal) substances). Substances to the full obey this law, called daltonides.\n\n dewy-eyed substance - a substance consisting of exactly one eccentric person of atom. Examples: centiliter Cl2, cop Cu.\n tangled substance - a substance consisting of ii or more kinds of atoms. Examples of shit oxide (II) CuO, sulphuric acid, H2SO4, fermentation alcohol C2H5OH.\nallotropism - the major power o f a chemical element to produce a few childly substances of distinguishable composition (O2 oxygen, ozone, O3) or with polar quartz glass wicket door (red and clean phosphorus, ball field and graphite in carbon).'