Mark McMinn, the author of the book Psychology Essay Example for Free

Mark McMinn, the author of the book Psychology Essay Theology and Spirituality, did an excellent job discussing the aspects of psychology, theology and spirituality, and how they can be integrated by a Counselor. Each chapter opened with a real life example of what it would be like to not properly integrate psychology, theology and spirituality. Christian counselors are charged to incorporate spirituality in their personal lives and properly display these same practices with their clients. Christian counselors are individuals who seek and successfully become trained in counseling theories and techniques as well as theology practices such as using prayer and scripture. â€Å"This type of training can rarely be accomplished in the classroom. But it calls us to lives of spiritual discipline and a personal love for scripture† (McMinn, 2011, p. 139). According to McMinn, the goals of Christian counseling are multi-faceted (McMinn, 2011). Most counseling maps are focused on mental health. McMinn (2011) presented a healing map. This map displayed the link between self-sufficiency, brokenness and the healing relationship and how they relate to the core foundations; prayer, scripture, sin, confessions, forgiveness and redemption. Effective counselors are passionate and irrepressible in the walk with God. McMinn also cautions counselors on the limitations and challenges they will face in counseling. Each section discussed one core foundation. McMinn not only discussed these topics in depth, he also related them to the healing map by answering these three questions; Will this help establish a healthy sense of self? Will this help establish a healthy sense of need? And will this help establish a healing relationship? (McMinn, 2011). McMinn discussed the true purpose that self-sufficiency served and pointed out that this purpose was greatly corrupted, leading to the brokenness that requires a healing relationship. Self-sufficiency is our freedom to love and be kind. When we take this freedom too far, we end up having to face consequences that can have lasting effects, with the absence of a healing relationship. Brokenness not only causes us to seek counseling, but it draws us nearer to God and this in turn allows a true healing relationship to begin (McMinn, 2011). The foundations that McMinn discussed; prayer, scripture, confession of sin, forgiveness and redemptions, are all needed to properly devise therapy that will have actual results. When a counselor uses prayer in their session, it  enhances the client’s spiritual growth which also strengthens their faith (McMinn, 2011). â€Å"When we pray we humble ourselves and ask to become a partner in knowing and doing God’s will† (McMinn, 2011, p.85). When scripture is applied in counseling, it not only teaches the client how to understand it, but how to incorporate it in their lives, further strengthening their relationshi p with God. Scripture also helps the client recognize and understand sin. The realization of sin, helps the client understand why they are suffering and that there is real hope to overcome the suffering when they overcome sin. After acknowledging their sin, the client can now accept forgiveness and mercy. When the client is competent in acknowledging their sin and accepting mercy, they are not capable of establishing a sense of self (McMinn, 2011). The best part of the process is redemption. Redemption allows the counselor to honestly look at each core foundation with the client. Redemption provides that mirror of change and the growth to overcome obstacles in the future. Concrete Response Reference McMinn, M. R. (2011). Psychology, theology, and spirituality in Christian counseling (Rev. ed.). Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson was truly one of our great geniuses (Hodgins 212). Born in Boston in 1803, Emerson struggled through childhood to then graduate from Harvard at 18 years old. He had been through death, poverty, and struggle his whole life until marrying Lydia Jackson. As he began to preach, his life took a pivotal turn to change into transcendentalism. Transcendentalism, a belief in a reality higher than in everyday life that man could achieve, has many qualities to it. People who follow this are glorified by nature, free to express themselves, and have high morals. To reach this higher reality of transcendentalism, one must use their mind and think through their intuition. Instead of looking to science for the reasoning of what happens in life, all reasons are looked into thy self. Emerson was a major leader of Transcendentalism. Emersons works related to the philosophical being of man and he can work towards change, whether its in himself or the world around him. Emersons purposes seem vague until proven otherwise. Emerson devoted his life to the research of his own beliefs. Emerson was greatly influenced by all the things that surrounded him in his life. Emerson has no distinct style to his work; he wrote everything from sermons to poetry. Emerson presented his ideas in a very expressive manner, one of the qualities of being a Transcendentalist. He wrote on many concerns of his including nature, society, conspiracy and freedom. After visiting Britain, he realized he needed to work towards eliminate slavery. His beliefs were to work toward change which came out through his works. Ralph Waldo Emerson put all of these ideas together in his essay The American Scholar.† He presented it before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard. The essay consists of three things that the scholar can learn from. In the first section he talks about learning from resources, like nature, books, and experience. The next section explains how the scholar can use himself to learn from, using trust and intuition. The last section talks about learning from the pasts mistakes and how the American Scholar needs to develop into its own self away from Britain. Emerson explains that the scholar can be very confused by nature until he completely understands it and is surrounded by it. The scholar learns in nature how everything is connected to each other. He sees that the trees sprout from roots, leaves grow on trees, and so on. Emerson then has the man, or scholar, classify all the things around him. This helps simplify everything to the man. â€Å"There is never a beginning, there is never an end to the inexplicable continuity of this web of God, but always circular power returning into itself.† This quote explains the connection between nature and the mind. They are both things that are continuous and can be filled with great beauty. He then shows how classification starts when the man is young. â€Å"To the young mind, everything is individual, stands by itself.† Even when man is young, he breaks everything down into simpler things. Man then believes â€Å"that he and it (nature) proceed from one root; one is leaf and one is flower.† This is the opposite of the relationship between nature and man, but man will realize this on his own. â€Å"He shall see that nature is the opposite of the soul. Its laws are the laws of his own mind.† Emerson then goes on to discuss how we can use books. â€Å"Books are the best things, well used; abused, among the worst.† He believes that they should be for trying to find out past information and nothing more. He doesnt think that books are completely accurate and that man needs to form his own opinion of what happened based off all of the information formed by other men who wrote the books. â€Å"The scholar of the first age, received into him the world around; brooded thereon; gave it the new arrangement of his own mind, and uttered it again.† Emerson doesnt want man to solely base his thoughts of the books. â€Å"Instead of Man Thinking, we have the bookworm.† It is a never ending cycle that man must create his own ideas from others ideas and so on. Emerson believes that the use we can find in books. He thinks that man can learn once he uses his own mind and has his own thoughts. â€Å"They look backward and not forward. But genius always looks forward. The eyes of man are set in his forehead, not in his hind head.† Emerson states how books are always referring to the past while mane needs to be looking forward to the future. â€Å"Man hopes. Genius creates.† This all leads Emerson to thinking that all men can become a genius by thinking with his own mind. â€Å"Genius is the sufficiently enemy of the genius by over-influence.† He doesnt believe that everyone should be a genius since its not always a good thing. Emerson says that â€Å"books are for the scholars idle times† and the only subjects that man should learn from reading are history and exact science. Although not as important, the scholar must also take action. He must fill each and every moment of the day. The scholar should work different jobs and learn new professions. Then he will learn new languages in which to illustrate his thoughts. The scholar should teach his knowledge to men, teach them facts versus appearances. To do this, the scholar must trust himself, never willing to give in to popular opinion. He should never seek money or power, or let either sway his judgment. His actions are a reflection of his character, and character is higher than intellect.† â€Å"Action is with the scholar subordinate, but it is essential. Without it, he is not yet man†¦ inaction is cowardice, but there can be no scholar without the heroic mind.† Emerson wants the scholar to learn but question everything. â€Å"The true scholar grudges every opportunity of action past by, as a loss of power.† Emerson also places a value on action. â€Å"The final value of action†¦is, that it is a resource.† Through action man has transformed himself into Man Thinking. â€Å"The mind now thinks; now acts; and each fit reproduces the other†¦he has always the resource to live.† In â€Å"Self-Reliance† Emerson expresses his optimistic faith in the power of the individual achievement and originality. In â€Å"Nature† Emerson considers the over arching need to discover and develop a relationship with nature and God. Emerson also explains that the human sense of beauty depends on seeing things in relation to the â€Å"perfect whole† in his poem â€Å"Each and All.† In â€Å"Self-Reliance,† â€Å"Nature,† and â€Å"Each and All,† Emerson strived to stress his beliefs in individuality, and his strong connection with nature, beauty, and God. â€Å"Self-Reliance† is Emersons strongest statement of his philosophy of individualism. What he is preaching was the presence of divine spirit in every individual. Emerson stressed the importance of being and believing in ones self and discouraged the copying of anothers image. Emerson also reveals the insignificance of consistency which clutters and clouds the mind, â€Å"A foolish consistency is the hobglobin of little minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines. With consistency a great soul has simply nothing to do.† Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of principles. This quotation forms the closing two lines of Ralph Waldo Emersons Self Reliance. Trust thyself was his advice and many Americans listened. They not only listened in Emersons lifetime, but his individualistic concepts have reverberated up to the present time. Emerson believes that a man should not be what he is not. There is a time in every mans education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide. If a man is envious of other people, he will ignore all merits of himself. If a man imitates other people, he will lose his identity like suicide. It is common to find a woman like me envious of other people. Emerson is ultimately fascinated with the relation of the individual to the natural world. In â€Å"Nature† he described the feeling of unity with all beings, as he became â€Å"part or parcel of God.† Emerson feels that nature could take away egoism and repair all problems: â€Å"†¦In the woods we return to reason and faith. There I feel that nothing can befall me in life no disgrace, no calamity (leaving me my eyes), which nature cannot repair. Standing on the bare ground- my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space- all mean egoism vanishes.† In those sentences Emerson is explaining that nature is so peaceful that you forget about everything else. That nothing can come between you and the natural world. No disgrace, no calamity nothing that nature can repair. Emerson also wrote, â€Å"In the tranquil landscape, and especially in the distant line of the horizon, man beholds somewhat as beautiful as his own nature,† meaning t hat if a man would search deeply enough within himself he would find something as powerful and beautiful as nature to God, and felt the more connected one was to their environment and surroundings, the closer one would be to God. Lastly, Emerson believes that everything is created somehow fits together to from something he called the â€Å"perfect whole.† In â€Å"Each in All† Emerson explains that an object was not beautiful by itself. It needs its surroundings to have beauty and magnificence: â€Å"†¦The delicate shells lay on the shore; The bubbles of the latest wave Fresh pearls to their enamel gave, And the bellowing of the savage sea Greeted their escape to me. I wiped away the weeds and foam; I fetch my sea-born treasure home; But the poor unsightly, noisome things Had left their beauty on the shore With the sun and the sand and the wild uproar.† â€Å"Each and All† illustrates a transformation that Emerson took, changing from a disappointed and cheated young boy to a man who learns to appreciate the beautiful world in which he lives, â€Å"Again I saw, again I heard, the rolling river, the mourning bird. Beauty through my senses stole, I yielded myself to the perfect whole.† (Pg. 194-195) Ralph Waldo Emerson s transcendentalism beliefs all were most evident in his essays poems, and speeches. I n most famous publications, he expresses his optimistic faith in the power of the individual, the power of beauty and nature, and the power of God and human intuition. His awareness and effort that he puts toward the true meanings in life cause him to become one of the most influential and respected leaders of the transcendentalist era. Hodgins, Francis. ed. Adventures in American Literature. Orlando: Harcourt, 1989. Self reliance American scholar Nature Each in all

Discrimination is unfair treatment

Discrimination is unfair treatment Introduction Discrimination is nothing, but an unfair treatment against a person or group of people based on prejudice (Oxford Concise Dictionary). This would imply discriminating people on the basis of their gender, race, religion, caste, class, age, disability, migration, genetic disposition, physical appearance, etc etc. Discrimination at workplaces among gender is a matter of serious concern for organizations all over India. Talking about gender biases, women in India still remain the largest group that faces discrimination in workplaces. Even in todays world, women comprise of only 2 per cent of the total managerial strength in the Indian corporate sector. While more and more women are joining the corporate, with better salaries and even at senior levels, their pay equity compared with their male counterparts is still a disappointment. Discrimination at workplaces can come from any of the sides, whether be from the employers or the employee itself. When we talk about the employee itself, we take into consideration the way new employees are treated or welcomed by the existing ones. The effect of this may last for a long time, if not amongst them, but in the organization, as this could be seen in the form of negative feedback one may get in return of his work. Discrimination leads to psychological and emotional disturbances leading to demoralization which further affects the performance and the standard of work output. It is so truly said that discrimination results in the wastage of human resources and their talent. This is mostly seen with women. Man and woman play an important and equal role in the society. In India from centuries it has been noticed that women are and considered an oppressed class and are neglected. During the national struggle for independence, Gandhi gave a call of emancipation of women. He wrote -: I am uncompromising in the matter of womens rights. The difference in sex and physical form denotes no difference in status. Woman is the complement of man, and not inferior. The constitution of India declares that all are equal in front of the law. Gender inequality can also be termed as gender bias, which refers to the differences made among individuals based on their gender, that is, male and female or girl and boy. Initially this problem was seen in rural India as people considered a girl child a burden on them, but now this is also seen in urban India in areas such as offices, organizations, institutions, society etc etc. The gender inequality in the workplace is one of the high rated issues that have been publicly ringing through society for years. It refers to the hidden disparities among individual based on gender performance which is seen towards women. In order to identify this situation we must try to get to the root of the problem and must understand sociological factors that cause women to have much more difficult times getting the same wages, profits and job opportunities as their male complements. The society in which we live right now have been shaped patriarchal for centuries. Before the industrial revolution most people worked in and near their homes, whether they were involved in farming or making clothes or pottery. In certain situations one would notice men going to far off places like towns or cities for work and a better wage, but women on the other hand have always continued to be there at home and carry on the work of her and her husbands share ( when he is not around ). But this situation changed when modern industry appeared in the late 19th century, which saw a drastic separation between home and workplace. In terms of employment as well as promotion in work and occupation, women often face greater handicap than men. Women are, and have been, entering the workplace in rapid numbers. Evidence shows that middle and upper class women are prospering even though discrimination is prevailing in the society. When talking about the women in the workplace, often the term glass-ceiling is used referring to the imaginary career barrier that seemingly impedes a womans ability to rise to the top ranks. Even though there has been a diminishing gender gap in labour forces as women are entering work, literature shows that gender discrimination still persists in Indian workplaces. As anthropologist Gayle Rubin (1975:178) said, a taboo against the sameness of men and women (divides) the sexes into two mutually exclusive categories (and) thereby creates gender. It has been seen that men usually enjoy certain benefits without having worked for them, which a women doesnt just because they are males. The word gender in itself signifies the advantage males have over females (Acker 1990:146; 1999; Britton 2000; Risman 1998). It is the societies who create and maintain the gender differences and these can be seen in a number of ways. Division of work according to sexes is a fundamental concept of work which is brought about by organizational practices ( Acker 1999; Ely and Meyerson 2000; Ridgeway and Smith Lovin 1999) HISTORY Initially it was seen in India that women were not treated equally and fairly in comparison to their male counterparts. They were deprived of a lot of facilities and were not given the privilege of education, work, owe property or even vote. It was believed that women were meant to stay at home, raise the children, serve the family and carry out all the domestic household work. But during the 1800s efforts were made for the first time to bring about equality amongst gender. In the early part of this century coeducation started at least at the university level and laws were made to bring about equality. From then things have improved but still discrimination and unequal treatment against women persists THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK The fundamental explanatory theories for gender inequality are as follows: Human capital theory Socialization Overt discrimination The dual labour market HUMAN CAPITAL THEORY Human capital theories attribute gender inequality and occupational segregation to lower education and skill levels found among women ( Estevez-Abe 2005: 184). In other words, it means that, people with more skills, knowledge, experience etc etc are more likely to get better jobs. It has been noticed that women normally end up in part time jobs or less desirable jobs as compared to men, meaning jobs that demand less skills. According to this theory, women invest less in education and formal training in comparison to men because of traditional family role (Ibid, 351) which are to raise the children, serve the family and carry out the household work (Becker 1982 cited in Estevez-Abe 2005:184). Also, this theory suggests, that women avoid fields where there are rapid changes such as technological, innovative changes. Literature shows that those occupations requiring less investment of time, money and training are now the ones with lower returns and female based (Marini 1989: 352; Rosenf eld 1984:57). Human capital theory also says that the extent to which an individual will differ in the variables such as prior experience, hours of working, education, knowledge, marital status, etc etc, their worth in the labour market will be affected in return. No matter even if a woman has same qualifications, experience and are at the same position to that of a man in opposite still she earns less in comparison to him (Padavic and Reskin 2002). SOCIALIZATION Socialization also helps in explaining gender inequality. Theories based on socialization say that it is through childhood and the way they socially interact that the individuals place is determined in the society or workplace (Tomaskovic Devey 1993: 8). According to this theory, it is the society who sets out the appropriate roles and occupations for an individual (Rosenfeld 1984:57). In other words, men and women accept the roles based on gender laid out by the society for them. They also value them as thats what they learn through socialization over a period of time. These roles are mostly the rules, norms and regulations of a society (Konrad, Corrigal, Lieb Ritchie 2000: 109). This also affects the way one conducts himself or herself and his or her ambitions leading to division of labour where women specialize in household and family activities and men in occupation and market. They way one socializes as a child plays a very important role in shaping his future and career life. Socialization has a very important and predominant role in an individuals life. It is the socially constructed norms and values of the society that brings about gender inequality in workplaces as well. No matter how modern one may be, he still has to stay in a society and follow its rules and regulations. If he tries to change or go against them consequences that follow are not desirable and of choice OVERT DISCRIMINATION Progression has been of no good to women when it comes to the way they are treated at workplaces. Overt and covert discrimination continues to affect them in workplaces. Much of the treatment is covert but then one cannot deny the fact that overt also continues. Here (overt discriminating treatment) one sees how the men especially the White men are dominant in the society making the rules and regulations. They have an upper hand and advantage in the labour market. Women pose a treat to these White men (Reskin 1988). Evidence show that how historically White men used labour unions to exclude women from well paying jobs THE DUAL LABOUR MARKET According to the dual labour market theory, men and women earn different incomes because they work in different segments of the labour market. Women are mostly found working in the areas which comprise of low incomes and benefits. Therefore, equal pay for equal work is just a principle which only applies to a very handful of people as women are never engaged in equal work. According to the dual labour market theory the market is divided into two markets namely the primary market and the secondary market. In the primary labour market, jobs are relatively stable, wages are also good and opportunities for advancement exist. Basically primary jobs are found in large organizations as they comprise of more stable jobs, better working environment and benefits. Example of this would mean working in a MNC under the management head. On the other hand, secondary markets are the ones having few turnovers, small profits, not many stable jobs and also poor working environment. Example of this would be working a serving person in a fast food restaurant. These are short time or part time jobs. Under this theory one sees that most of the women would be employed in the secondary labour market and not the primary labour market. The primary labour market itself is divided into two tiers the first tier and the second tier. The first tier consists of high status professional and organizational jobs with more autonomy whereas on the other hand second tier consists of the working class with less autonomy such as semi skilled blue collar jobs. Women are found in large percentages under the informal sector of the labour market where there is a wide wage gap and low or no benefits. People or companies would hire such people in an under the table manner which would have no records of them and also not pay them their profit share. Under this theory it is also said that men and women are employed in different occupations and if they were in the same occupation then they would be doing different jobs. This is called occupation segregation LITERATURE According to Joanne Naiman, men are considered breadwinners and womens place is at home (Joanne Naiman 1997: 250-51). This viewpoint is not surprising as history shows how it is the men who have been the policy makers and shape the society as they perceive and want it. They have always been dominating the society. For example in Joanne Naimans book, there is an excerpt from Gustave Le Bonne, a Parisian in 1879, in which he openly compared most of the female brains with that of gorillas and stated the inferiority (of women) is so obvious that no one can contest it for the moment; only its degree is worth discussing. (Quoted in Joanne Naiman 1997: 250). Another instance can be traced from Carol Travis book titled The Mismeasurement Of Woman where she states that left hemisphere of the brain deals with intelligence and reasoning and right on the other hand with passion, sex and other such similar concepts. It was said that men were considered to have an advanced or better left brain in comparison to women. But later some where in the 1960s and 70s scientists found out that it was the right hemisphere of the brain that was source of intelligence, imagination, reasoning, creativity etc etc and men had more of this brain now (Carol Tavris 1992:48). Both the above citations clearly show that how society would see women to be inferior to men and not smart enough to carry out jobs which would deal with thinking and reasoning and these were the main causes as why women were not treated equally at workplaces. It was because of these mindsets that women were not given the freedom to work and if they were to work, they had to always prove themselves worthy in comparison to men at every step and were not treated equally. This could be in the form of them not getting the equal pay as her male colleague or not promoted or anything for that matter. Ergo, puts the viewpoint across and says that all those jobs which need supervision are female jobs such as a nurse, secretary, receptionists etc etc. To show this point he uses the case story (Mustapha Koc 1999) where Mary, the wife, was given the responsibility and job of a secretary and accountant of the family business and her husband was the boss. Even though they husband and wife, still they did not share the responsibilities that they could have of the family business in the office. This was because the society had outlined the role and position for Mary. Because of the norms and rules of the society Mary had to quit her job from the bank as she had children now and had to become a housewife. This is another example as to how women are not treated equally in workplace and society. Theodore Caplow (The Sociology of Work, 1954) identifies the reasons as to what make it difficult for women to compete with men in the general labour markets. The reasons mentioned are Womens primary role and social status as housewife and mother, the secondary economic role of women as family breadwinners / providers, the large number of women in society for whom paid employment was as option, rather than a necessity and the historical (cultural) domination of the workplace by men. Walby in the similar lines of that of Caplow but in greater emphasis argues that male domination in workplace has created a cultural setting in which women play a largely peripheral role. It is clearly seen in our everyday lives how women are asked to take care of the households, family and children. How she has to quit from her job when her children are born and how it is all her duty to bring up the children along with taking care of the others at home. How as a child they asked to play with dolls and some sort of indoor games called house house or teacher teacher. While playing these games how they would treat their dolls as if they were her children and take care of them. At school asked to take extra curricular activities involving subjects like home science, stitching, nursing. It is very clearly visible how women are not treated equality to men and this brings about gender inequality. As Haralambos (Themes and Perspectives) notes a point: Women face a number of disadvantages in paid work. Firstly, they tend to be lower paid than men. Secondly, they are more-likely to be in part-time work. Thirdly, they tend to concentrated in the lower reaches of the occupations in which they work. Fourthly, women tend to do particular types of jobs, usually those with low status. Media also has a major role in this. It also lets subjects or categorises womens role to household. Most of the household advertisements are also accounted towards women and any with power, authority, position, strength toward men. This also shapes the role of men and women. Societies have shaped the role of a women to such a limitation that even if she gets a job by going against the norms of the society, she would not be able to go far in her career. The reason for this would be that the society will not be able to see a women doing better and at a better position that men. About 75 percent of the jobs in the well paying professions are held by men and even if women are able to get equal jobs as men they still get paid considerably less (David Bender and Bruno Leone 1989: 75). For that matter one sees that certain jobs of women are such manipulated and are of a certain standard of measurement when they do not get maternal leaves from companies they are employed in (David Bender and Bruno Leone 1989: 74). Once they have left their job it becomes very hard for them to get back to the professional ladder. But when we talk about inequality amongst gender in workplace, this could also be for the fact that there are certain job positions that could only be filled by certain genders, such as army officers. Even though there has been a number of movements that are trying to get rid of this inequality and some have also been successful but this has also shown a downfall in the society by the number of rape, sexual harassment, verbal violence, etc cases at workplaces which puts a doubt in the minds of women and are made to think twice if they should even take up that job and position. Religion and culture also say that the roles of men are different from that of women. Mankind has taught that men are superior to women ( Babara Kantowitz 1986). This notion is taught to all from a very early age normally which have lead people to think and believe that males are better than women, therefore, should get better job opportunities and no compromise should be made in this aspect. This gender inequality ahs always been there and still continues to exists. THE CONCEPT OF A DUAL ROEL OR DOUBLE SHIFT Barron and Norris argue that men can work in both the sectors, be it primary or secondary, but they are most likely to be found in the primary sector in contrast to women, who are found mostly in the secondary sector. This is because women are more likely to take up jobs where you are paid less and that are flexible in nature. This observation relates to the idea that women tend to have a dual role. Dual role can be expressed in the way that bringing up the child is primary and supplementing family income is secondary. It based on the primary role for women as to where and when can they work. This further affects the market situation for men. It is for this reason and fact that women work in secondary sectors. It is because of the reason mentioned above that women are not generally able to commit themselves in a long term careers. The general structure of womens lives is less well adapted to the demands of professional employment. In history it has been seen as an evidence that how for a variety of reasons women had been less organized than men in the workplace (especially in relation to Trade Union organization and membership) and how, therefore, more-easily dismissed or made redundant than men.

Huckleberry Finn and The Modern Classroom :: essays papers

Huckleberry Finn and The Modern Classroom Mark Twain’s story The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is a racist, immoral book that should not be taught in American High Schools. As a children’s story, Finn is an exciting tale of a boy and a runaway slave riding a raft to freedom. As a book to be taught to 16-year-old English students, it is a novel that incorporates serious racist issues conveniently hidden among it’s many scattered plots. From the beginning we are warned â€Å"persons attempting to find a plot will be shot,†(Notice) suggesting that, as analyzing novels is a central theme in English classrooms, Finn may not be the best choice. The protagonist, Huckleberry Finn, is a 14-year-old white boy growing up in Missouri, who lives his life running away from his problems, lying to everyone, stealing, and using everyone he comes across. He fakes his own death very convincingly, and all with the cool, level-headedness not akin to young boys. â€Å"Well, next I took an old sack and put a lot of big rocks in it, -all I could drag,-and I started it from the pig and dragged it to the door and through the woods down to the river and dumped it in, and down it sunk, out of sight. You could easy see that something had been dragged over the ground. I did wish Tom Sawyer was there, I knowed he would take an interest in this kind of business, and throw in the fancy touches. Nobody could spread himself like Tom Sawyer in such a thing as that.†(Ch. 7) This character isn’t probably what the youth of America needs to be learning about. His ability to remorselessly lie to people to get what he wants, is a frightening characteristic, which isn’t one that should be taught to impressionable students. He has taken the pretense of his own death and, in his mine, placed it in the category of the imaginary robbers and thieves games he used to play with Tom Sawyer. Huck’s companion on his trip down the river is Jim, an uneducated adult, black slave who has run away hoping to make it to a free state. The way that Huck treats Jim at times, lying to him or belittling him is racist and wrong.

Amelia Earhart :: essays research papers

Courage is the price that life exacts for granting peace. The soul that knows it not, knows no release from little things. Knows not the vivid loneliness of fear nor mountain heights where bitter joy can hear the sound of wings. How can life grant us boon of living, compensate for dull gray ugliness and pregnant hate, unless we dare the souls dominion? Each time we make a choice, we pay with courage to behold the restless day and count it fair." Those were the words of Amelia Earhart in a poem she wrote, entitled "Courage." Amelia Earhart knew a lot about courage. Even when faced with impossible odds, she always had the courage to try and overcome them. She had a never give up attitude that made her so attractive to the public and took the science community by surprise. Without that attitude, she would never have been invited to make her first flight across the Atlantic ocean on June 3rd 1928. Because she had the courage to be one of the only women pilots at the time, she was invited by her future husband, George Putnam, to make the 20 hour 14 minute journey across the Atlantic. Although she was just a passenger on the flight, she was still promoted to celebrity status for being the first woman to cross the Atlantic by plane. Although her fame was set with her first flight, she wanted to promote aviation in women. In 1929, she organized a cross-country air race for women pilots named "the Power Puff Derby." She also formed "the Ninety Nines" a now famous women pilots organization. In addition to forming organizations for women pilots, she occupied her four year break from flying with writing her first book, "20 hours, 40 minutes" on her first flight, became assistant to the general traffic manager of TWA and served as vice president for public relations of the New York, Washington, and Philadelphia Airways. Amelia enjoyed public relations, but missed flying greatly during her four year sabatical. In 1932, no one else had ever flown solo over the Atlantic since Charles Lindberg, and Amelia set out to change that. On May 20th, 1932, exactly five years after Lindbergs flight, she set off for her 2nd journey across the Atlantic. She sucessfully completed her flight, breaking several records. She was the first woman to fly the Atlantic and the only person to fly it twice.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations was established on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration by the Founding Fathers of ASEAN Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Brunei Darussalam joined on January 8,1984, Viet Nam joined on July 28, 1995, Lao PDR and Myanmar joined on July 23, 1997, and Cambodia on April 30, 1999, making up what is today the ten Member States of ASEAN.The signing of the ASEAN Declaration established by the Founding Fathers of ASEAN Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand represented an important milestone for economic development and affirmed the commitment to the aims and purposes of ASEAN as set forth in the ASEAN Declaration. To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through joint endeavor’s in equality and partnership in order to strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and peaceful community of South-East Asian Nations. To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries of the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter. To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest in the economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific and administrative fields. To provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research facilities in the educational, professional, technical and administrative spheres.To collaborate more effectively for the greater utilization of their agriculture and industries, the expansion of their trade, including the study of the problems of international commodity trade, the improvement of their transportation and communications facilities and the raising of the living standards of their peoples. To promote South-East Asian studies, to maintain close and beneficial cooperation with existing international and regional organizations wit h similar aims and purposes, and explore all avenues for even closer cooperation among themselves.This later evolved into the ASEAN Charter signed on December 15, 2008, which served as a firm foundation in achieving economic growth, social development, and regional integration, by legally binding the ASEAN community to its rules and values. The ASEAN Free Trade Area was established in January 1992 to eliminate tariff barriers among the Southeast Asian countries with a view to integrating the ASEAN economies into a single production base and creating a regional market of 500 million people.The Agreement on the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) Scheme for the ASEAN Free Trade Area requires that tariff rates levied on a wide range of products traded within the region be reduced to no more than five percent. Although originally scheduled to be recognized by 2010, the target of a free trade area in ASEAN was continuously moved forward. As early as 2000, most of the tariff lines on goods traded within ASEAN-6 (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Brunei), representing almost 90 percent of intra-ASEAN trade, were already in the 0-5 percent range.The elimination of tariffs and non-tariff barriers among the ASEAN members has served as a catalyst for greater efficiency in production and long-term competitiveness. The reduction of barriers to intra-regional trade gives ASEAN consumers a wider choice of better quality consumer products. Only 247 tariff lines within the region remained outside the remit of CEPT. The Council also announced that uptake of CEPT in the newer ASEAN member countries Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar (CLMV) was keeping pace with the original members.The CLMV countries are greatly underdeveloped and struggle economically compared to the ASEAN-6, CLMV total GDP is only about $97 billion only 7. 5% of the $1. 3 trillion total ASEAN-6 gross domestic product. Cambodia one of the newest members of ASEAN has a trade valu e of $7. 58 billion as compared to Malaysia’s trade value of $323. 5 billion. ASEAN has created the Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) program, which gives direction to and sharpens the focus of collective efforts in ASEAN to narrow the development gap between ASEAN’s older and newer members.Vietnam has expressed its concerns with there new membership to ASEAN and ASEAN’s Initiative for ASEAN Integration as they face several possible economic disadvantages. Vietnam and the other ASEAN economies are essentially competitive not complementary, Vietnam’s developing industry faces potentially stiff challenges from its ASEAN counterparts. Vietnam was told they would need to end its quota system, eliminate other non-tariff barriers, and enhance the transparency of its trade regime.These steps may aggravate Vietnam’s trade imbalance with ASEAN and increase an already growing trade deficit. More than half of Vietnam’s trade deficit of $3. 5 billi on is with other ASEAN countries. There is also the possibility that Vietnam’s tax base could be undermined by the in-flow of goods from ASEAN states as part of the AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area). At present Vietnam earns a portion of its domestic revenue from tariffs on imported goods. When these tariffs are lowered or eliminated the flow of revenue from this source to the central government will decline.Despite the difficulties of integration and the concerns of new ASEAN members the ASEAN Charter and the AFTA have seen economic growth by lowering barriers to trade among its member-countries, ASEAN is creating an integrated regional market. This makes economies more efficient through a better division of labor, through the benefits of economies-of-scale. It stimulates healthy competition, lowering costs. It enlarges the domestic market. The region thus becomes more attractive to investors, creating more jobs.The CMLV economies have on average grown faster than the ASEAN-6 cou ntries during the past decade by 5. % compared to -8. 8% in 1998 and 8. 5% compared to 6. 4% in 2007. Over the years, ASEAN's overall trade grew from $ 10 billion in 1967, $ 14 billion in 1970, $ 134 billion in 1980, $ 302 billion in 1990 to $ 650 billion in 1995. With its combined trade value, ASEAN is the fourth largest trading entity in the world after the European Union, the United States and Japan. For about 25 years from 1970 to 1995, ASEAN's GDP grew at an average annual rate of 7. 0 percent. Today, Southeast Asia has a total market of about 500 million people and a combined GDP of more than US$ 700 billion.

Avengers Assemble (Loki and Black Widdow

Jennifer Reed The Avengers Assemble Essay The Avengers Assemble Film (2012), directed by Joss Whedon, is a superhero film which is produced by Marvel Studios. The movie follows 7 iconic Marvel characters, Iron Man (Robert Downey Jr), Dr Bruce Banner aka Hulk (Mark Ruffalo), Thor (Chris Hemsworth), Captain America (Chris Evans), Hawkeye (Jeremy Renner), Black Widow (Scarlett Johansson) and Nick Fury (Samuel L Jackson). All the characters join together on their mission to save the Earth from the villain, Loki (Tom Hiddleston).The film is set on a spaceship. The budget for the film was $220,000,000 and managed to get 1. 5 billion box offices. In the essay I will be analysing the scene where Black Widow Interrogates Loki in the Prison. I will be looking at two of the micro features, Mise en Scene and Cinematography. Mise en Scene, includes three aspects, setting, performance and movement, and costumes and props. The second micro feature, cinematography includes, camerawork, colours, and lighting. The start of the scene is set on a Spaceship in modern day time.The camera is on a panning shot on Loki’s face, the lighting on his face is shadowed to show the mystery and uncertainty of his character. He senses that black widow is behind him and his facial expression shows happiness in the fact that he wanted her to be there. When black widow is shown on screen, the shot used is a long shot, this suggests that she is exposed to Loki and there is no where for her to hide. However, low key lighting is used on her, which means there could be a hidden intention she has.The costume widow is wearing is black and very fitting and tight on her body frame, which proposes that she is a character of trust, authority, and order. Reverse shot is used for the vast majority of their conversation, and then the camera pans as Widow walks towards Loki in the prison this could mean that she has no fear of the villain. Long shot is used on Loki to show that he is now being exposed an d questioned by Widow, the lighting is artificial in the prison and all of Loki can be seen, yet his facial expressions still shows that he still has the power between the both of them.Though when both characters walk backwards and sit down while having their conversation, the power is equal between because of their body posture is at an equal level. The lighting on Widow’s face is shadowed while talking about her past, whereas Loki’s face and body is high lit. This shows that he still may have the upper hand. When he speaks the camera is on him and it is also a long shot which emphasises the prison he is kept in. Compared to the prison, Loki seems very small and lost whilst in it.This puts forward that he is actually not as powerful as he makes out to be, it shows that he is the one really exposed and the lighting all around and on him suggests that all his true colours are being revealed. Through out this section of the scene, their tones of voice are calm and equiva lent, so it’s still uncertain who has the power. When Loki questions â€Å"What are you now? † Widow stands up and folds her arms, so her posture is now closed which then directly suggests she now has the power, and is not willing to reveal anymore about herself.Medium close up shot is used on Loki when he reveals something he knows about her. Then it switches to Widow on a close up shot on her face to emphasise her worried and shocked eye contact whilst Loki is speaking about her secrets. The more he reveals the wider her eyes become to create an impact of fear. Loki then stands up to show that the power has now switched to him. A low angle shot is used on his face to show authority and that he is in charge.His tone in his voice becomes confident, powerful and loud as he walks Paige Cuthbertson over to Widow. The lighting of his face is shadowed which shows that he has more to reveal. The camera then goes to Widow whilst in his raging speech and in the reflection of t he glass prison is Loki’s face, this way the audience is able to see both characters facial expressions and this impacts a lot of power, because even though the camera is not on Loki, it’s easy to make out on the shadow of his reflection the passion and aggression he has.The cut is then quickly switched to the other team members of the assembles as they are working, with the monologue of Loki over it, his volume and tone of his voice becomes quieter and softer, though still stern and powerful. The camera is panned on Iron man, and the Hulk as they are working then on other members of the overall team, as Loki is talking about them being liars and killers, this part of the scene may create an oppositional reading to the viewers. This makes them question whether what Loki is saying is actually right.The low camera angle on Nick Fury insinuates that he is in charge of the â€Å"lying and killing. † Captain America is shown looking at his costume, his face and costu me are both in focus which suggests the importance of both of them. His facial expression shows that he is questioning what he is doing, which makes the viewers think that maybe the superheroes aren’t doing the right thing. The cut changes to Loki loudly banging on the window, and finally showing his true intentions and plans, when explaining what he is going to do to Hawkeye.The camera pans to a low angle shot on Loki’s face this impacts the fact that he is high in power and control. It also encourages he has power, when the close up on Widow’s face shows wide eyes and glistening in her eyes. To conclude, in the scene I have been analysing it has all been about power and authority. Throughout the scene, the switching of powers between the characters is greatly enhanced. I believe the audience would react to the film in a positive way and just from the scene I have been analysing would want to find out more. Just from a 3-4 minute scene there is a lot of intense and powerful moments.