Cyborg-Identity

The thesis statement of the paper is â€Å"the ability of the human beings to change identities in a technology-dominated world has blurred the boundaries between original identity and the digital identity†. This topic is very important from the perspective of human computer interaction and computer science today. The humans are not only able to create multiple identities on the internet, but they are also able to interact with others being in a transmutable identity. This paper will explain how these boundaries have been blurred and what joys of artifice can a person enjoy through making multiple identities on the internet.With the introduction of social networking systems in the past few years, the Cyborg identity is becoming more of a reality than a myth. The line between being the person himself and adopting another identity is getting blurred with the introduction of new technologies. Cyborg: a Metaphor? With the combination of hardware, software and internet, the cyborg identity can be identified as one of the most visible figures of the cybernetic age. Cyborg is a biological being with another identity or a kinetic state that can be adopted easily when switching between environments.This could only be achieved through technological augmentation. Although the kinetic state of a cyborg identity is not real and can be referred to as virtual reality, but it allows one to escape from the physical constraints and confinement of the body and recreate a new digital identity through the use of graphics, three-dimensional technology, internet, hardware and a combination of software. The use of these devices and concepts has not only allowed the humans to create their cyborg identities, but also to experience new worlds and environments through that identity.With the global adoption of the World Wide Web, the cyborg identity has evolved strategically in our imaginations as a metaphor of the 21st Century. According to Kevin Warwick, humans have now become cyb orgs through conducting a series of ground breaking experiments and innovations. Kevin Warwick, who is a professor of robotics and cybernetics, believes that the humans have got the power to change their identity in the virtual world where time and place does not matter (Stephen).Transforming into another identity can cost nothing to the humans. They just need to register on the virtual worlds on the internet, design their new identity and just start interacting with the environment. This ease of identity transformation could have never perceived in the past. However, cyborg can now never be used as a metaphor as cyborgs now exist (Nishant). The Ease of Transforming It was never thought that humans could be identified as cyborgs and it was not even imagined that becoming a cyborg would be so easy and free of cost.For a cyborg experience, a person just has to connect to the internet, register himself on the website, create an avatar and then the human is ready to experience a digital body and physique. Most of the websites do not even require any payment to register the users while the others which are more secure require as little payment as US$ 5. To design the identity and the physical look of the cyborg in the virtual world, a number of software are available which are very easy to use. Transforming the identity is now a requirement for the business professionals as well as the youngsters who want to socialize in their social circle.A person is required to switch to his digital identity when making payments online and when getting involved in the digital transaction on the internet. Cyborg is now a mechanism that is crucial for the survival of urban human beings (Nishant). A person is not required to take classes or lessons for creating a digital identity in the 21st Century, nor are billions of dollars required to get transformed. Switching identity to and fro the digital world and the real world is much easier and cheaper than it was though in the past.Te chnological breakthroughs have allowed this ease of switching to the digital identity. The capabilities and the abilities that are learnt by the cyborg in one of the identities can be used in other identity efficiently and effectively in today’s world. These aspects of the digital identity are blurring the boundaries between the self being and the different digital identities. Artifice through Graphics In social networking websites and virtual worlds, the use of virtual bodies and digital identities are getting more and more common.According to the academics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the humans are just a year away from being able to download their consciousness into the computers (Land). The humans have the power to design different bodies, control them and change them whenever they want through the use of graphic software. The digital appearance of the humans might not be the same as the real appearance. This is why a person is said to be creating a differen t identity through the use of internet. The new identity over the internet is an artificial identity which may not resemble the real identity of a person.The personal attributes such as the name, weight, skin color, hair color, eyes, nose and built might be differently represented over the internet. The Boundaries between Fact and Fiction The humans have the power to intermingle fact and fiction as they have got the power to generate new identities and transform to a form of machine. The interaction with other digital humans over the internet might just be based on lies and the identity may be based on fiction. Different cultures and the aspects of nature that do not even exist in reality can be designed in the virtual worlds.The boundaries between fact and fiction have also blurred with the advent of digital identities. Human and computer interaction has been increased at a rate that was never imagined. Instead of interacting with the real world, an urban person spends most of the time on computers and internet in the virtual worlds. With the boundaries between fact and fiction diminishing over the internet, the new generation might not even be aware of the real world as all the interactions are taking place in the virtual world.With redefinition of the sense of one’s own body in a world changed by culture and technology, the humans are more likely to experience fiction than facts. The humans might like to live in the world of fantasy than in the real world. According to Nishant, this may make us the things that we have created (Nishant). An example is that a person who is gay might fulfill his fantasies on the internet through creating a digital identity and interacting with other men. In real life the person might be very scared of the society and afraid of others to fulfill his fantasies (Dennis). DehumanizingWith the help of social networking websites such as Facebook. com Web 2. 0 applications like activeworlds. com and secondlife. com, the person is able to create a different identity which is unreal. These websites and application are forcing the humans to dehumanize and get involved in computer devices and software most of the time (Land). While the person is switched to the digital identity, he feels that he is living in a cyborg dream. Everything is unreal and still feels real. Most of the interaction today in the youngsters is done on social community websites such as Facebook.com and myspace. com. Profiles are the identifiers of these humans which contain the physical attribute and pictorial attributes. These profiles can be unreal as well as there are no checks done to prevent unrealism. The attributes such as name, gender and age can be misrepresented on the internet to consumer unfair advantage over the other (Liff). The advances in technology and the movement towards cybernetic humans have forced us to ignore many issues that will be faced by the computer experts in the future. ConclusionIt has been revealed in th e discussion that the ability of the human beings to change identities in a technology-dominated world has blurred the boundaries between original identity and the digital identity. A human is started is be identified through the digital identity and this identity now plays a crucial part in the life of a human. Works Cited Dennis, C. â€Å"Gay, Queer, and Cyborg: the performance of identity in a transglobal age. † Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 22. 3 (2001): 297-309. Grey, J. â€Å"Human-Computer Interaction in Life Drawing, a Fine Artist’s Perspective.† Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Information Visualisation (IV’02). The Computer Society, 2002. Land, C. â€Å"Book Review : How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. † Information Technology & People 14. 1 (2001): 350. Liff, S. â€Å"Book Review : Virtual Gender: Technology, Consumption and Identity. † Information Technology & People 16. 4 (2003): 484-486. Nishant, S. â€Å"Material cyborgs; asserted boundaries. † European Journal of English Studies 12. 2 (2008): 211-225. Stephen, K. I, Cyborg. University of Illinois Press, 2004.

Basic Business Report

Level 4 pathogens are quite simply, the nastiest causes of disease ever discovered. Scientifically speaking, they are organisms that cause severe diseases to humans and are serious work hazards in the laboratory. They also present high risk of epidemics and there are usually no effective treatments yet discovered.Actual examples include Lassa fever, filoviruses, smallpox, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Russian spring-summer encephalitis, Kyasanur forest. It is important to take not that each of these examples has garnered a huge media following and they usually spill over from medical concerns to socio-political.The Russian spring-summer encephalitis for one has been given global concern due to its research possibilities as a biological weapon. The Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever was known to have claimed hundreds of lives in an epidemic that transpired in the Afghan border in 2001. This means that a docudrama made about level 4 pathogens isn’t just â€Å"egghead stuffâ⠂¬ , the humanitarian side of the topic has great media value, even more so is the political side. If we look prominent television series such as 24 or Pandemic, they both feature fictional presentations of the â€Å"what-ifs† concerning level 4 pathogens.There are also several fictional movies that have garnered success on the genre such as Epidemic (1987), Andromeda Strain (1971) and several others. There are also real-life adaptations which garnered international acclaim such as Lorenzo’s Oil (1993). A docudrama on dangerous viruses can bring a factual spice to the fictional take on the genre. It can spur emotions from amazement the audience with its accurate presentation of just how these viruses are handled by specialized crew and the emotions behind them as they go about their work.Such a film can also bring out real-life fear from the viewers when presented with how dangerous a particular newly discovered strain of Ebola is or how likely a new undetectable viru s can be used as a biological weapon by terrorists. References Biological Weapons: How Big is the Threat? Retrieved April 22, 2007, from Society for General Microbiology Website: http://www. sgm. ac. uk/news/hot_topics/bio_weapons. cfm Disease DVD movies at Video Universe Retrieved April 22, 2007 from Video Universe Website: http://www.cduniverse. com/search/xx/movie/category2/3459/a/Diseases. htm Classification of Viral Pathogens into Hazard Groups Retrieved April 22, 2007 from http://virology-online. com/general/Safety2. htm Willet, E. (1999). Level 4 Labs. Retrieved April 22, 2007, from http://www. edwardwillett. com/Columns/level4labs. htm Butcher, T. (2001) Ebola Style Killer Sweeps Afghan Border. Retrieved April 22, 2007 from Telegraph. co. uk Website: http://www. telegraph. co. uk/news/main. jhtml? xml=/news/2001/10/04/wref04. xml

Revised paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Revised paper - Essay Example The lessons are, therefore, well planned to help the students identify with the complex situations in life, to enhance their reading capabilities. The students are taken through advanced multicultural recipes to enable them to be familiar with the delicacies of the world. At the same time, this enables those who are familiar with the recipes to feel part and parcel of the class. The lesson plans are plans are designed to enable them to enhance their listening then reading skills. The teacher will read aloud; this helps the students remember and store the pronunciation in their brains. This helps them to read and say the words correctly the next time they are in the position to speak this words. The teacher will also aim at improving the conversation skills of the students by asking them to assume scenarios in life and talk to one another in reference to these scenarios. This will develop the ability of the students to talk and ask for things in real life. The lessons are also planned to improve the students’ ability to sieve out the relevant information from excerpts. This will enable them to be able to pick out clues from passages, and they can apply this when faced with examination questions, or other critical analysis situations, whereby they need to write what is important and leave out the less important material. Goals:Develop students’ confidence in speaking through conversation with peers and reading aloud thus helping them remember this words in future. The conversation is aimed to help them understand the contexts of their readingso they could appreciate the practical use of the language and encourage them to frequently speak English. Teacher willdivide the students into four groups and give each group a recipe card, then let them converse and read the content freely.Worksheets will be distributed to each student, but they cannot answer the questions right away, and notes must be written at the back of the worksheets.

Globl operations mngement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Globl operations mngement - Essay Example Kim (2001) for instance talks of the issue of globalization, which makes it extremely important for companies to practice global management approach. With a global management approach, companies are at an advantage of experiencing cross-boarding learning exposure (McCarthy, 2011). This is a situation whereby the experiences tapped in one area of the companies operations that have proven to be workable and useful are transferred to other parts of the companies operations. Again, there can be cushioning in terms of financial gains whereby areas that have better financial fortunes can be used to supplement management duties in other areas of the company’s operations where financial turn-up is low. These merits have however been affected by certain advancement in operations management as exists in other countries; thereby inhibiting certain companies from accruing the entire benefits as discussed. For instance there are different economic and trade clients from one country to another. For this reason, if a centralized global management system is practiced, chances are that such management approaches would not work perfectly from country to country. Finally, in the United States, most companies have had their global management approaches being affected the rate of economic development in other countries. For this reason, even when revenues and sources of expenditure are carried over to some of these countries, the branches of the companies there still find it very difficult to align their levels of output thought the entire operations management may be

Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Analysis - Case Study Example It is a fact that Natureview is the main player in the natural food channel with a market share of 24%; however, in order to raise $20 million revenue by the end of 2001, the company has to re-strategize and increase its sales and output if it is to use this channel. The $13 million the company accrued in 2000 is not sufficient enough to offset its debt and may lead to absorption of the company by a larger firm. The second option of entering the supermarket channel has both merits and demerits. The main advantage of this channel is that products will be sold at lower prices than in natural food retail shops due to less number of middlemen in the supply chain. Lower prices lead to higher demand and ultimately higher returns. Furthermore, supermarkets take stocks in bulk than wholesalers in the natural food channel who take small quantities and break them further to distribute them to small retailers. On the other hand, Natureview would be forced to pay $10000 slotting fee per SKU for each retail chain. This means that the company may be forced to pay millions of dollars to be able to distribute throughout the country. In addition, the manufacturer will also have to incur marketing, advertising and trade promotion expenses including hiring of marketing personnel. Under this channel, the small scale manufacturer will be forced to expand its production to meet the high demand in the supermarkets. The first option would be to expand six of the best selling 8-oz brands to one or two selected supermarket channels in the region. The second option would be to expand four SKUs of 32-oz size nationally. The third option would be to introduce two SKUs of the multi-pack line into the natural foods channel specifically for children. The first option would yield higher returns for the company as the 8-oz brands are the most popular among consumers. However, for this option to be viable Natureview has to meet the

Future work performance of students Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Future work performance of students - Article Example Here, it is assumed that in all but owner- managed organisations the owner or owners (known in agency theory as the "principal") of an organisation must vest authority to an "agent"-corporate management- to act on their behalf. Harrison & Kessels (2004: 25-26). Given this perception, the principal in an organisation feels unable to predict an agent's behaviour in any given situation and so brings into play various measures to do with incentives in other to tie employee's needs to those of their organisation. In economic literature, the significance of information asymmetries, innovation and strategic behaviour has long been recognised. There exists a considerable literature on how incentives affect a variety of management problems and the methodology for analysis of incentive problems most notably the principal agent model (Muller & Turner 2006).Against this background, this paper centers on what motivating factors are more likely to influence students of my university future job performance. In order to be able to conduct an in-depth analysis of the importance, relevance and functions of effective human resource policies, I have chosen to encompass only a specific number of elements, on the role of motivation towards our university student's future performance. There are basically two-research approaches, the deductive approach in which you develop a theory and hypothesis and design a research strategy to test the hypothesis, or the inductive method in which you will collect data and develop theory as a result of your data analysis (Bryman & Bell 2004, Saunders et al 2007). A research method involves collecting data, with specific instrument such as a self-completion questionnaire or a structured interview schedule or where a researcher listens to and watches others (Bryman & Bell 2004). There are however two research methods from which the above examples stem from. The qualitative and quantitative research methods. None of the method is better than the other, as each of the methods becomes efficient and effective once used in the proper context (Bryman & Bell 2004). The proposed research questions were investigated on a convenience random sample of 50 students at the University. The selected University (Our campus) o'ers an

Econometric Studies in Human capital Theory Essay

Econometric Studies in Human capital Theory - Essay Example Furthermore the earnings of certain subgroups who had external structural influence on their schooling were higher than average individuals as a whole. It can be stated that Card focused more on the schooling differences leading to heterogeneous earnings yet revealed some interesting dimensions too (Card, 1830). Much of the literature that examines returns to schooling usually consider academic qualification while in Dearden et al., 2002 she applied econometric model using OLS estimation on returns to academic as well as vocational qualification in Britain. This study is a longitudinal study funded by the then DfEE whereas the sample data of National Child Development Study (NCDS), 1991 and Labour Force Survey (LFS) of 1998 has been used. Her study examines the varying aspects of gender, ability, qualification and family background too. This longitudinal study develops a framework where NCDS results were compare with LFC statistics while after some selection criteria a final sample s ize of 6867 individuals (3007 Male & 3860 Female) was processed through estimation. Estimation results identified that males with O-Levels/ GCSE earn 13 to 23% premium to their qualification while for A-levels they earn 18% and for a degree they yield 11 to 32% premium. In contrast to men, women with O-levels/ GCSE earn 11 to 21% premium and with A-levels it adds to 20% and for degree women return 30% premium to the qualifications in a year. The study confirmed that along with academic qualifications, if individuals acquire vocational qualifications their premium may rise by 40% but vocational qualifications alone have reported less premium (Deardan et... This paper offers review on econometric studies, undertaken with the purpose of determining the correlation between schooling quality and returns on investment on schooling. Over the last decade, many researches and extensive literature have evolved. Card in his study explored the causal relationship of education on earnings. The study explored an impact of an instrumental factor family background on the schooling and earning of their children which had 30% variation in the earnings, similarly college education differences and location near college had some significant influence over schooling and hence earnings. Dearden applied econometric model using OLS estimation on returns to academic as well as vocational qualification in Britain. Results identified that males with O-Levels/ GCSE earn 13 to 23% premium to their qualification while for A-levels they earn 18% and for a degree they yield 11 to 32% premium. In Mcintosh study the variance of qualification confirmed heterogeneous returns among O-levels, A-levels and degree level labour force. The vocational qualification as identified earlier at lower premium to academic qualification remained the same Harmon conducted microeconomic empirical investigation on the returns to schooling. He concluded that every investment reflects the size of returns. He used a comparative approach to analyze cross sectional returns on education and furthermore, he applied OLS estimation analysis. It can be stated that to examine the returns on schooling, an econometric study can best explain the causes of higher returns either that is family background or ability or academic qualification (college graduation, O-levels, university degree) or vocational qualification or training.

Governance Regulation and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Governance Regulation and Ethics - Essay Example The main conflict which is presented in the film is based on consumer protection, specifically in relation to the environment. This occurs first when the families file a claim about the company putting toxic waste into the environment, specifically which leads to leukemia and other health problems among the consumers. As the story line continues, the problems with health from the waste and lack of environmental concern continue to increase. The issues relate to several problems and questions of what the stand point should be with the company as well as what is required in terms of responsibility and obligation to potential consumers through the environmental concerns that are approached. The concept of relationships with consumers is the first problem which is related to the film. The consumers are unaware of the health problems and there is not disclosure of what is occurring with the environmental concerns or health, leaving each of the individuals susceptible to becoming ill. The right to know is followed by questions of moral responsibility, corporate obligation and the commercial context, all which are violated. The lack of morality is based on the known factors which attribute to the toxic waste and how this will affect those in the region. This is followed by corporate obligations that are not followed, specifically which are inclusive of corporate social responsibility which is ignored with the only focus on production and money that needs to be made within the environment. The commercial context follows this with the advertising of the company becoming negative as well as unfair consumer contracts based on misleading concepts of the rules and regulations being followed within the company (Nelson, 2005: 96). The concept of consumer protection within the business as well as other legalities relate to this impact the business and consumers in several ways with the expectations with the business. In any business, the marketing and advertising, as well as t he brand identity, is expected to have a specific perception and attitude about the company. The advertisements, which represent a positive identity with the consumers, are furthered with an understanding that the business acts in specific ways within society. When the context is broken, consumers, stakeholders and others believe that there is a violation of the relationship which has been created. Since this is communicated as a promise from the company, specifically in relation to the strategies and implementation within the company, it causes the relationships to not be protected and leads to false pretenses with the business. The corporate responsibility and consumer protection then intertwine with the understanding that the relationship is built on the corporation having the responsibility to care about the consumer (Werther, Chandler, 2011: 105). The concept of consumer protection and false advertising is followed by other barriers that are often created with consumer relation ships. This is related to the stakeholder agreements, investments and other negotiations that have taken places with businesses. Often, these lead to more profits as well as expectations which are taken. If the communication and relationships with others involved in the

Empiricism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Empiricism - Essay Example We should reject knowledge claims concerning matters of fact about the nature of the world which are not supportable by the evidence of experience. This leads to a tendency among empiricists to emphasize that the limit of human knowledge and imagination is bounded by the limit of our experience. Empiricists reject the rationalist claim that it is possible to come to know by a priori reason alone the nature of an intelligible real world inaccessible to experience that stands beyond appearances. The empiricist may argue that concepts (such as substance), and the terms that express them, are meaningless or else must relate to some possible experience, since concepts and terms get their meaning by reference to some possible experience, but a world beyond experience cannot be a world that might possibly be experienced; in either case it is not possible to use meaningful concepts to talk of a world beyond possible experiences. The tendency in empiricism is also to deny the existence of natural necessity: necessity is a property only of logical relations between concepts, or of logical relations between ideas or thoughts, not between things or events in the world whose existence, nature and connections are all contingent; such natural contingent connections can be discovered not by reason, which can establish only necessary truths and necessary connections, but only by experience. Empiricism is inclined to argue that there are two exclusive and together exhaustive types of proposition. (a) Propositions whose truth, logically speaking, can be known merely by understanding them, or by deductive reasoning alone, independently of the evidence of experience: truths of reason. (b) Propositions whose truth, logically speaking, cannot be known merely by understanding them, or by deductive reasoning alone, but which depend on the evidence of experience: truths of fact. All propositions which tell us anything about the real or actual world are truths of fact. Propositions stating matters of fact cannot be known to be true merely by our understanding them, or by our deducing them from other propositions known to be true by the understanding alone; if we can know them to be true at all, they must be known through consulting experience. It should be noted that the distinction is not the genetic one of how we come to have, acquire, or understand these different sorts of proposition, but a logical question concerning on what, once acquired or understood, the truth or falsity of a proposition depends, and on what knowledge of the truth or falsity of a proposition depends. If the truth or falsity of a proposition depends only on the meaning of the terms in it, then it is an a priori proposition whose truth or falsity can be known a priori by reason alone independently of empirical evidence. If the truth or falsity of a proposition does not depend only on t he meaning of the terms in it, then it is an a posteriori proposition whose truth or falsity can only be known a posteriori by empirical evidence, not by reason alone. (Frederick Copleston, 1964, 54) The basic contrast between rationalism and empiricism is an argument about the extent and nature of what truths it is logically possible to know a priori by the understanding independently of experience, by intellectual intuition

Gender in The Importance of Being Earnest Essay Example for Free

Gender in The Importance of Being Earnest Essay Dramatic comedy originated in Ancient Greece in 5th century BC, centred around loose plot lines and exploiting certain situations through parody, farce and mockery. Comedy started developing in 4th Century BC where intricate plot lines were introduced, commonly based around love and romance and usually culminating in a satisfactory and happy resolution. This is much like the structure of ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’ as the play revolves around the growing relationships of both Jack and Gwendolen and Algernon and Cecily. Oscar Wilde has reversed the roles of gender in this play, the females are those who take the lead and are seen as the most dominant characters throughout – a very bizarre layout in a time period where men were seen as the head of the family and the most assertive figure. Lady Bracknell is the most domineering character throughout the play, and this a result of the eloquent and rather unnatural language she uses. She takes on the role of her husband in Act 1 when Jack asks for Gwendolen’s hand in marriage- â€Å"I feel obliged to tell you that you are not down on my list of eligible young men† this was often the father’s role. Throughout the conversation it is quite apparent that Lady Bracknell holds all the power, and Wilde does this through all the questions she asks. Additionally, her questioning seems rather irrelevant and ridiculous at times, she asks â€Å"Do you smoke?† to which Jack admits he does and Lady Bracknell replies â€Å"I am glad to hear it. A man should always have an occupation of some kind†. Here the addictive habit that Jack has taken up is being compared to a profession and is creating humour due to the nature of the question and how much apparent importance it holds. It seems as though Wilde is using Lady Bracknell to â€Å"mock those in authority† [1] by presenting her as a character with no real agenda to her long and painful questioning – other than to talk. In Act 3, Lady Bracknell makes another appearance, which only highlights her towering force in the play. She has come to Jack’s house in the country to retrieve Gwendolen and take her home and makes it quite clear that her husband does not know where Gwendolen really is â€Å"Her unhappy father is, I am glad to say, under the impression that she is attending a more than lengthy lecture by the University Extension Scheme on the influence of a  permanent income on Thought. I do not propose to undeceive him.† This would have been seen as quite unusual at a time where wives wouldn’t have gone behind their husband’s backs, thus reinforcing Lady Bracknell’s authoritative demeanour and leaving the audience amused. Furthermore, Wilde’s portrayals of both Gwendolen and Cecily run parallel to one another. They mirror each other and are the assertive half of their relationships with Jack and Algernon. This is first shown between Jack and Gwendolen when Jack proposes. Jack announces his love for Gwendolen and she in turn, offers it back. Jack then says â€Å"..I mean we must get married at once. There is no time to be lost.† To which Gwendolen replies â€Å"†¦But you haven’t proposed to me yet. Nothing has been said at all about marriage.† Gwendolen is taking control of the situation and is expressing what she desires for Jack to then grant her, her wishes. This is the same scene where Jack lies about his name once again to Gwendolen. â€Å"Selfishness and servility are the moral alternatives presented† – Katherine Worth. Gwendolen admits she could never love anyone with the name ‘Jack’ for â€Å"there is very little music in the name Ja ck†. This, to the audience seems rather pompous and shallow and is why it is humorous. And after all that Gwendolen has said, Jack does indeed go along with this though, and continues to call himself Ernest. In the scene where Cecily and Algernon first meet, Algernon also lies about his true identity – he introduces himself as Jack’s brother, Ernest. Whilst Cecily and Algernon are talking in the garden, Jack arrives home. He confides in Miss Prism and Chasuble that his younger brother ‘Ernest’ died in Paris of a severe chill. At this moment in time, the audience are taking great pleasure at the fact that they know something the characters do not – that Jack’s so called brother is in the garden. Afterwards, Cecily confesses to Algernon that they have been engaged for the past three months, and Algernon submissively accepts this to be both true and normal. This is the first indication of who the most assertive figure is in their relationship. The fact that Cecily writes to herself, on the behalf of ‘Ernest’ is rather ridiculous, and once again Algernon goes through with this. She continues on to tell him when their engagement was broken off, she  says â€Å"It would hardly have been a really serious engagement if it hadn’t have been broken off at least once. But I forgave you before the week was out† she talks about how their engagement wouldn’t have been ‘serious’, although it had never even happened and this displays marriage to be not all that serious in itself. In reply to this, Algernon thanks her for forgiving him – for something he did not do, â€Å"What a perfect angel you are Cecily.† This only highlights that he is inferior to her. When Cecily and Gwendolen meet each other at Jacks house in the country, a lot of confusion is caused for they both think they are engaged to the same man. But before they stumble across this realisation, they become ‘friends’ instantly Gwendolen says â€Å"..Something tells me that we are going to be great friends† to which Cecily replies â€Å"How nice have you to like me so much after we have known each other such a comparatively short amount of time.† The girls then find out they are ‘in competition’ with one another and their ‘friendship’ turns sour. This is comical due to the fact that just a few seconds ago they were very friendly and lovely to one another. When both Jack and Algernon approach and the matter is cleared up that neither one of them is ‘Ernest’ and that they have been lying to the women, Cecily and Gwendolen’s relationship takes a u-turn, not back to friendship, but to sisterhood. This was foreshadowed in Act 1 where Algernon says â€Å"Women only call themselves sister when they have called each other a lot of other things first†. Cecily and Gwendolen storm off into the house and Algernon and Jack cowardly hold back, where Algy begins to scoff the muffins and they start to blame one another for what just happened and it takes them a while before they approach the women in the house. However when they do it also doesn’t take long for both women to forgive them, they contradict themselves frequently in the process: Gwendolen – â€Å" But we will not speak first† Cecily – â€Å"Certainly not† Gwendolen – â€Å"Mr Worthing, I have something very particular to ask you. Much depends on your reply.† The irony of the situation is what is so amusing, the women cannot stay silent and wait for the men to speak, once again they have to be in control of the situation. However, the play began in â€Å"turmoil but (ended) in harmony† [2] as both couples were happily reunited. All throughout the play, women like to think they are the leaders and the superior, and on the surface they do appear to be, with their high demands being answered and always leading the conversations in which ever way they wish but at the end of the day, they always forgive or accept only what a man can offer, even if they demanded more. Bibliography: [1] Barbara Bleiman, Anna Sarchet and Lucy Webster: â€Å"Studying comedy† (2012) [2] Susan Snyder: â€Å"The Cambridge companion to Shakespeare† (2001)

Psychological Perspectives in Health and Social Care

Psychological Perspectives in Health and Social Care Behaviourist theories might say Katya has turned out the way she has due to the way she has been treated by her father. Katya did not get the love or attention she needed as a child, and because of this when her father sexually abused her, she saw it as a reward by showing her love. Her father also had a drug problem, and as a reward could have possibly given them to her, and is why she deals class A drugs. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist came up with the classical conditioning theory. This involves putting an unconditioned response with a conditioned stimulus, which is the new learnt behaviour from putting the response and stimulus together. As Katya has been sexually abused at such a young age, she thinks that being sexually active is a normal thing to do at her age. This possibly has lead her to become a prostitute, which is extremely dangerous fro a girl of her age, due to catching STDs and not knowing the people she is sleeping with. Katya has never gone past the psychosexual stage of the 3-5 year olds. This is when children start to realise about sex. During peoples life stages, there are different psychosexual stages they go through. If they dont go through those stages, problems will occur in a change in personality. Sigmund Freud came up with this theory. He believed the mind can be divided into 2 main parts; the conscious mind, which is everything we are aware of, and memory is a part of this as we can retrieve information once it is made aware of again. This is also known as the preconscious mind is unpleasant, such as feelings, thoughts, urges. Most of the unconscious mind is unpleasant, such as feeling of pai n, conflict, anxiety. It influences behaviour even though we are unaware of it. Erik Erikson agreed with Freuds theory, but Erikson also believed that we move through a series of psychosocial crises with a different social focus at each stage, e.g. between the age of 0-1 the life crisis concerns developing thrust or mistrust in self or others. The social focus in this stage is the mother. The biological approach can make us understand how Katya has developed due to the environment she has been brought up in, (nurture) and her genes/behaviour (nature). Nature may have made Katya the way she is from the genes that have been passed on to her. Therefore, Katya may have got her fathers tendencies towards drinking and drug taking. Arnold Gesell (1880-1961) believed children went through development norms, which meant at a certain age they should be able to learn and understand certain things. Nurture could have influenced the way Katya behaves, as she does not really understand about certain things in life from not being told by role models, e.g. father, and does not know what her boundaries are. She also has not had any proper love, so that has leaded her to do other things, and from seeing what her father does, influences her to do things she should not. Task 2 The Social Learning Theory was developed by an American psychologist called Albert Bandura. He recognised that we learn things by observing people, also known as observational learning. Katyas assessment will be based on the impact in has on her life. Katyas emotional development has been because of seeing what her father has done to her as a child. Her father has been violent, and has locked her in the bathroom, so has not had good visible care, and does not understand how important it is and reacts against what people see. This is because she has seen her father act in this way and has copied him, as she sees him as a role model. For Katyas care plan, it would involve looking at different role models, as it can affect behaviour, as shown by Katya. In health and social care provisions, in order to promote anti-discrimination practices and behaviour, messages must be put forward which maximise attention. This can be done by using positive images, for example, people we admire like celebrities with messages which help promote anti discriminatory behaviour, so we copy what they do. The humanistic approach focuses on the idea of free will and the belief that we are capable of making choices. The 2 psychologists that approached this theory were Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Abraham Maslow believed that every human being require certain basic needs before they can approach the next level. This can be shown on the hierarchy of needs. Firstly, basic physical needs have to be met before progressing further, for example, food and water, well housed, and once those have been met, we then focus on our emotional needs. These are things such as feeling loved, high self-esteem and feeling or belong. Once all the needs are met, we strive to self actualise, which means reaching full potential in life. Carl Rogers was more interested in the concept of self. This is how we view ourselves. If children get praised, encouraged to succeed, and told they are valued, their self-concept will be positive and see themselves as someone who is worthwhile and competent. If they are told they are naughty or no good, it will have a negative affect and will affect part of their self-concept aspects. For Kaytas assessment, the humanistic approach can be applied on how it affects her life. Katya got treated badly as a child, making her feel not wanted by her father and un-loved. He would often shout violently at her, and if she cried or complained, and once Katyas father calmed down he would sexually abuse them. This will affect her self-concept as she has not been valued enough, and also it has affected her self-esteem as she has not had the love from others and does not know how to look after her appearance due to not being taught. On Maslows hierarchy of needs, Katya has not been able to progress further from the basic physical needs. This is because she has not been cared from properly, and is unable to move to the safety and security needs due to her father not being there for her. The humanistic approach can be applied for to health and social care provisions to help the problem. Unconditioned positive regard refers to a totally judgemental way of being with or viewing a client. The therapist supports clients feelings, beliefs and emotions un-conditioning. This means without judging whether their emotions are good or bad. Empathy is also used in helping others. It requires care workers to listen to clients, and respect them for whom they are and any emotions they have had to deal with. Jean Piaget came up with the cognitive theory, saying that cognition develops through a series of stages building on the previous stage, and so on. He believed we can only achieve certain things in certain stages in life, for example, a baby is only able to experience the world through sense perceptions (smell, touch, sight) and motor activity. This will then develop into the next stage which involves language, memory and thought and so on. For Katyas assessment, this theory has an impact on her life as she grew up to fast. This means that she has to cope with things at a certain age which her brain could not deal with. Am example of this would be her fathers behaviour towards Katya, not allowed to have any creative play by making things or decorating a dolls face and playing with its hair. In health and social care provisions, keeping a diary or record of negative thoughts and feelings can help to identify why they are feeling like the way they are. By identifying why they are feeling like that, care workers can help support the individuals through their problem. Task 3 The psychological perspectives I have chosen to analyse are the behavioural theory, biological theory and social learning theory. I have chosen these theories because they apply more for the way Katya is behaving. Psychological Perspectives Katyas Challenging Behaviour Behaviourist Theory Ivan Pavlov-reward good behaviour Ignore her bad behaviour that she shows. Is used to being rewarded for bad behaviour so when shouts and screams walk away. Make sticker reward chart, so when Katya shows good behaviour gets a sticker and when completes chart gets a reward, e.g. money. Biological Theory Arnold Gesell Nature/Nurture Katya may possibly be more sensitive to drugs because if her mum took drugs whilst she was pregnant with Katya, she may have been born a crack baby Could put Katya into rehab to get her weaned of the drugs and alcohol. Social Learning Theory Albert Bandura Observational Learning Remove or separate Katya away from those who are a bad influence towards her, e.g. father. This is the responsibility of a social worker. Arrange for Katya to see/meet a person who experienced and went through the same issues as her, and speak to her about how they have dealt with it and how they have turned out today- can be seen as a role model for Katya to help her deal with the problem she went through Health and Social care organisations can help Katyas behaviour through different types of therapies. The therapies that will help Katya come under the Psychodynamic theory (child psychotherapist), humanistic theory (child therapist), and cognitive theory (CBT-cognitive behavioural therapy). Psychological Therapies How it will help Katya Psychodynamic theory Child psychotherapist Help her to manage her difficulties with behaviour Help Katya develop new skills Help resolve her issue that she has dealt with Boost communication skills Lets her play and do activities and then once comfortable help her problems Humanistic theory Child Therapist Form strong relationships with the therapist- mode of communication and type of relationship facilitates change and growth in children experiencing emotional distress http://www.bapt.info/playtherapycareers.htm Cognitive Theory CBT Helps Katya make sense of overwhelming problems by breaking them down into smaller parts Focuses on the cause of her distress or symptoms in the past, it looks for ways to improve her state of mind now. Identify Katyas individual patterns of thoughts, emotions, bodily feelings and actions and keep a diary record Help Katya to work out how to change her unhelpful thoughts and behaviours Helps Katya to replace unhappy thoughts with positive thoughts

M & Ms - Miners and Mercury :: essays research papers

Most miners of the Amazon lead a very polluted way of life. They pollute the environment they live in and they pollute themselves. The, "garimpeiros" as the miners are called in Brazil are independent farmers of the gold that flows beneath the rivers of the Amazon rain-forest. Their daily routine of early mornings, long hard days, and late nights drinking and taking cocaine contribute to their way of life. Their only goal in life is to drill for the gold dust which seems to collect at the bottoms of waterfalls then use the profits for illegal self indulgences like cocaine. To extract this gold dust they must combine mercury with the dust, and because of the mercury’s chemical make-up it is able to extract the gold from the useless rock and debris. The mercury, however, isn’t the cleanest element for the environment. Many garimpeiros carelessly use the mercury then dump it into the rivers polluting the water and the food. Also, the dust from the mercury gets inhaled and eating by the miners, contributing to their polluted way of life. All day dragas, which are boats used for mining the bottom of rivers, are pulled to locations where gold is thought to be found, moving and polluting. Then there is the common drug use among these farmers. The author even quotes a man named Lincoln, an owner of a draga, saying, "[n]ot that I object to cocaine. It’s no worse than anything else, as far as I know, and addicts make good workers." To sum the garimpeiros’ way of life, they live a life of drinking and drugs, women and murder. So the polluted way of life is obvious, men poison the waters and the food and then ultimately themselves, with the illegal activities of the mining trade in Brazil. Although most do not realize their way of life and its defects, the struggling people of the Brazillian mining trade have special situations and great aspirations. Most men are poor and the temptation to work as a garimpeiros is great. Their isn’t much work other then that of an independent miner. Their line of work has what the author describes as a, "free-spirited, picaresque hero." Most men aspire to inevitably find that big strike that’s just around the corner, then get out and raise a decent life, however, this isn’t the typical case, most do not,

The Minimum Wage Should Be Increased Essay -- Minimum Wage Essays

Congress enacted the federal minimum wage in 1938, during the Great Depression. Congress had two goals; keeping workers away from poverty and boosting consumer spending for economic recovery. Today, there is a debate, whether we should increase the minimum wage again. Increasing the minimum wage is useful for several reasons. First, the current minimum wage has failed to keep up with inflation. Second, a higher income level reduces employee turnover and increases efficiency and ultimately, raising the minimum wage does not reduce employment. Even with high unemployment rates, the minimum wage is useful for the economy. Today "the federal minimum wage" is $7.25 per hour since July 24, 2009. It has failed to keep up with inflation. The real value of the minimum wage rose steadily from 1938 until its value reached a peak in 1968. Thereafter, it suffered severe erosion as Congress failed to adjust for the inflation over time. The minimum wage of $1.60 an hour in 1968 would be $10.47 today when adjusted for inflation. This means that the purchasing power of the minimum wage has decreased significantly over time. The current minimum wage is no longer enough to protect workers out of poverty. A person who earns the minimum wage and works full-time (40 hours/week, 52 weeks/year) only earns about $12,000 in a year. This is almost $7,000 below the poverty line for a family of three ($19,090) according to the federal poverty guidelines. As a result, the gap between poor and high-income families is continuously increasing, and taxpayers have to pay more for public assistance such as food stamps and Medicaid. I ncreasing the minimum wage can increase the annual income of low-income families and reduce the public assistance expenditures by g... ...litical Science, London, UK. Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania; David Card and Alan B. Krueger, The American Economic Review, Vol. 84, No. 4 (Sep., 1994), pp. 772-793 The Effect of the Minimum Wage on the Fast-Food Industry; Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Oct., 1992), pp. 6-21 Minimum Wage Effects Across State Borders: Estimates Using Contiguous Counties; Arindrajit Dube, T. William Lester, and Michael Reich, Review of Economics and Statistics (2010) 92:4, 945-964 Do Minimum Wages Really Reduce Teen Employment?; ALLEGRETTO, S. A., DUBE, A. And REICH, M. (2011), Accounting for Heterogeneity and Selectivity in State Panel Data. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 50: 205–240. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-232X.2011.00634.x

An Interpretation of Emily Dickinsons Poem #315 :: Emily Dickinson Poem 315 Essays

An Interpretation of Emily Dickinson's Poem #315 Emily Dickinson had an interesting life, and is a profound woman in the history of America and literature. Emily wrote many poems. Some are titled, and many are given chronological numbers instead of headlining the main theme. I am interpreting Poem #315. I read the poem, and had to read it again and again. As with most poems, the meaning is always clouded from me and I need a little help to figure out the true meaning of the author's intentions. In this case, the outcome was not any different. The poem did not make much sense to me. Instead, I created my own meaning and it differed greatly from the others. However, I still like my interpretation and enjoy the final product that was created when I combined my ideas with the groups. I would like to start, by printing the poem. 315 He fumbles at your Soul As Players at the Keys Before they drop full Music on-- He stuns you by degrees- Prepares your brittle Nature For the Etherial Blow By fainter Hammers-further heard- Then nearer-Then so slow Your Breath has time to straighten- Your Brain-t bubble cool-Deals-One-imperial-Thunderbolt That scalps your naked Soul- When winds take Forests in their Paws- The Universe-is still- The other members of my group saw this poem as a metaphor for some type of physical abuse. I saw it as a poem just describing a thunderstorm. Now, after incorporating in ideas from all in the group I describe the poem as a way of using a storms powerful force to describe physical abuse. Confused? Well, I'll walk you through this idea so at the end you won't be. The first four lines of the poem describe a 'He'. It states, "He fumbles at your soul / As players on the Keys / Before they drop full music on-- / he stuns you by degrees-" Before any great piano player plays a piece, he warms up. He practices. In a similar sense, so does a thunderstorm. A storm does not start out heavy and powerful; it starts out with a wind. And, the air gets a little cooler; the degrees go down on the thermometer. Powerful thunder vibrates the soul, and the earth is the piano for the persona of the storm.

Defining Social Media Essay

In my opinion, social media is used to keep in touch with people, share ideas, videos, and pictures, and gain some knowledgeable information in networks and virtual communities. Social media is very handy when it comes to keeping in touch with long-lost friends and family members. Social media is a great resource to search things that you don’t know and that allows you to become knowledgeable about things you needed to know. Article Selected: Vine’s Biggest Teen Star Criticized for Homophobic Video Response: My response to this article is that you should always watch what you put on social media because anything can be saved and it could generally be held against you depending on what the post may be about. Social media isn’t always a person’s best friend. You need to watch what you post; especially for employer reasons. Majority of employers will go onto your Facebook page and see what kind of a person you really are. In this certain article, Nash Grier is a very popular person on Vine. After he posted the video making a homophobic slur, he did delete it because of negative comments that started to begin. The trick to this though, is that he deleted it, but someone else had already saved it and posted it again and it went viral. After that, Nash Grier did take it upon himself to apologize on Twitter saying how he was being ignorant, stupid, and how he was stuck in a bad place. He may have apologized, but from here on out, it’s possible that this discrimination will be held against him for life, due to one mistake he didn’t think about before he posted it on social media. Conclusion: Think before you post. You should always know that whatever you post on social media, may or may not affect you in the long run. Be smart and think about what you’re posting before you actually submit it. Citation: Vine’s Biggest Teen Star Criticized for Homophobic Video. (2014, July 8). Retrieved February 2, 2015, from http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-07-08/entertainment/sns-201407081348reedbusivarietyn1201259209-20140708_1_vine-civil-wars-social-media

Organization Behavior and Leadership Essay

The Expectancy Theory of Motivation One of the most widely accepted theories of motivation is Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory. â€Å"Expectancy theory argues that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual.† (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p.208) [i] In other words, employees will have the motivation to put forth a strong effort, if: They believe the effort will give them positive recognition. (This is called the â€Å"effort-performance† relationship.) That positive recognition must then lead to some kind of desirable reward, such as more money or an increase in status or power. (This is called the â€Å"performance-reward† relationship.) That reward must also be something that fulfills a personal goal for the employee. (This is called the â€Å"rewards-personal goals† relationship.) All three components need to be present for an individual to exert the kind of effort needed to be considered an intense motivation for action and performance of a duty or task. Let’s consider the following example: A company that produces a high quality audio products has recently introduced a new production process in an effort to help the employees meet a goal of high production standards. Supervisor A’s team of employees are not doing well with the production process. Some do not strive to master the process, those that have mastered it are not putting forth effort to reach the goals, and even top-producers don’t seem interested in achieving the goals. After speaking to some of Supervisor A’s team, Supervisor B has discovered that the following concerns are expressed by the team: Some do not feel they can be successful because they believe lack the dexterity needed to implement the process. Some feel that it is not worth the putting forth the extra effort to reach the goals because there is no difference in salary increase for those that meet the goals and those that do not. They believe that performance has to be very slow before it affects the rate of pay. They also say that when a bonus is given, after the withholdings are taken out, the bonus is so small that overtime actually is seen as better way to earn more money than trying to earn a bonus. This scenario lends itself to the perfect situation to implement the expectancy theory of motivation. The employees feel: That there is no recognition for achieving the goal. That there is no reward for achieving the goal. Since there is no recognition or reward, there is no opportunity for employees to evaluated their personal goals to see if reaching the performance goal will help to fulfill a personal goal. The company could implement the expectancy theory by enacting the following steps: Create a specific recognition for those that master process. For those that master the process bonuses can be implemented that exceed those monetary rewards that overtime would bring. Personally interview each employee to discover what their employment goals are and create a personalized plan to reach those goals, make mastering the process one of those steps needed to reach the personal goal. This plan would address all three components of the expectancy theory. However the plan should not be created as one-time policy implementation. Rather it should be tested and evaluated to discover what rewards and recognitions created the most effective levels of motivation. ——————————— [ i ]. Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2007). Organization behavior. (12 ed., p. 208). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

Deviance, Psychiatry and Cultural Relativism

The paper â€Å"Borderlands: Deviance, Psychiatry and Cultural Relativism† by Robert Bartholomew discusses cultural differences i. e. what is considered normal and rational in one culture may be considered abnormal in others. Therefore, the author analyzes different attitudes towards human actions (e. g. suicide), and provides overview of cultural relativism and psychiatry. The author’s thesis is that people interpret the world depending on their social and cultural context. He argues that science can’t be applied to identifying and treating abnormality.Bartholomew says that normality is â€Å"not an objective given from which simple assessments of behaviour can be rendered independent of historical era, culture, or group†. (P. 36-37) Normality is defined by cultural background and cultures have their own interpretations what to consider rational or irrational. For example, suicide is not acceptable in Western countries, whereas it is considered normal in Japan. Further, Bartholomew defines cultural relativism as theory of knowledge which is responsible for working out criteria how to judge behaviour of other culture.It is not static and depends on circumstances. There are few standards of universal conduct to evaluate this or that society. The author claims that the problem of cultural relativism results in serious dilemmas for mental health professionals. Actually, psychiatric diagnoses don’t involve assessment of cultural development and influence. However, psychiatry is more interested in religious, social and cultural background than other medical fields. Bartholomew assumes that psychiatry is the most contentious medical branch.In psychiatry ‘illness’ is defined as experiencing living problems, rather than discernible cerebral disease that affects human behaviour. The negative moment is that Western medicine is still transmitting social and professional stereotypes constituting its own values and norms. Summ ing up, the author recommends – when to judge whether the person is normal, it is necessary to get acquainted with his social world and cultural background. Works Cited Bartholomew, Robert. â€Å"Borderlands: Deviance, Psychiatry and Cultural Relativism†. Skeptic, 8, 3 (2000): 36-40.

Life, its problems, the good and the bad of human experience, are major concerns of Simon Armitage’s poetry

There are three poems I have chosen to help me discuss and write about my thesis ‘Life , its problems, the good and the bad of human experience, are major concerns of Simon Armitage's poetry'. They are the Untitled poem â€Å"I am very bothered†, â€Å"Poem† and â€Å"It Ain't What You Do, It's What It Does To You†. â€Å"Poem† is one of Armitage's life problem poems When You don't remember the good things a person has done but the bad things a person has done you remember. This poem has many lines which start with ‘and' which is a sort of list of things this person has done. Also he starts off the poem with â€Å"And if it snowed and snow covered the drive† which is like the poem is the second part of another poem or he has left out the beginning and got to the important part. There are three verses describing things he did. Mostly everything is good things about him for example â€Å"And for his mum he hired a private nurse† apart from the last sentence which describes him doing bad things for example â€Å"And twice he lifted 10 quid from her purse† (Mother). This made the reader only remember the bad things because it was the last thing the reader remembers about him from the whole paragraph. The last verse is about how people rated him as a bad person who he was only occasionally like everyone else in the world. There was one sarcastic part of the poem when he said â€Å"every week he tipped his wage† and soon after said â€Å"what he didn't spend he saved† because he would not have nothing to save if he spent half on alcohol. I think Armitage's poems puts in these sarcastic bits and bad or wrong doings spread over the poem so you are al ways reminded he is a bad person but he is clearly an average person but people judge you on all the things you do so you should be careful on what you do. â€Å"I am very bothered† is a poem of the bad of human experiences. It's about what you do to try to attract attention which has good and bad consequences. Simon Armitage shows how he feels about his experiences when he looks back on them. He feels very troubled when he remembers a time when he was in school as a child in a science lab. He put a pair of plastic handled scissors over a hot Bunsen burner until it was soft and melting slowly and gave it to a female pupil. When she held it around her fingers he described the scene as â€Å"O the unrivalled stench of branded skin as you †¦Ã¢â‚¬  meaning it was so bad no other bad smell could compete with it and that it left a mark of dull, dark, black, burnt skin. There was a burnt ring around one of her fingers and one of her thumbs that were marked for life. He described his feelings of this horrific atrocity by saying â€Å"Don't believe me if I say that was just my butterfingered way at thirteen, of asking you if you would marry me† butterfingered way meaning not really meaning it, not seriously so he means don't believe be if I said I was only joking when I said will you marry me. Finally, the poem â€Å"It Ain't What You Do It's What It does To You† is about human experiences which are mainly good. It starts off with him not have gone to America with hardly anything but then say he has lived with thieves in Manchester which are both bas experiences in the first verse. In the second verse he talks about only one thing he hasn't done which is gone to the quiet, peaceful Taj Mahal â€Å"padded through Tag Mahal, barefoot†. In the third verse he talks about only one thing he has done. Which is skimmed a flat stones across Black moss on a day so still he could hear every sound which is normally unheard of â€Å"hear each set of ripples†. In the fourth verse he starts off with him not have sky dived from an aircraft but he says â€Å"I held the wobbly head of a boy at a day centre, and stroked his fat hands† which has a really big effect on your life to see someone in a bad state. All these examples shown of things done or things he hasn 't done means he is saying our experiences effect our behaviour and ways of thinking and makes us more wiser on the things we do. Like In the final verse he describes the feelings of doing all those things inside of us as a â€Å"sense of something else† which I believe it's a feeling so out of this world that you have to do it to find out. All these poems we have studied show that Simon Armitage thinks deeply about humans and how they react to life experiences. Whether life experiences bring problems or happiness we all have to deal with them in the right way. For example from the poem ‘Poem' the problem of the man only remembered by the bad points and that man has to deal with that in the right way by defending himself and the people who rate him also have to be careful on what they say about people. We have to try and live through it all without it bringing us down and making us feel miserable. For example ‘The untitled poem about him very bothered about the girls burnt fingers we have to deal with the fact that it happened and to let it go and get on with our lives. We also have to make sure we don't make wrong decisions just to make ourselves feel happy and don't care about the others. For example again to the untitled poem Simon should of thought of the consequences and the pain of others but he didn't he was only seeking attention for himself. Now I hope you now know Simon Armitage poems are based on life's good and bad experiences.

Ways of Understanding Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ways of Understanding Organization - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that an organization is a collective set of individuals who work hand in hand with each other to bring the processes and activities to a conclusion which is for the betterment of the business enterprise and the people who work under its aegis. The organization is therefore dependent on how well its resources are being deployed and the manner in which success is achieved in entirety. It is significant to comprehend how the organizational value will come about more so when the employees are focused on getting the job done, making use of resources that are available at their disposal. The need of the time is to make sure that the organization remains firm in its stance and completes the tasks as and when required. Managing an organization is all the more necessary because it is broad in its vision and wide in its horizon. The need of the hour is to make sure that the organization remains staunchly driven to achieve its end goals and objectives , and geared to reach the echelon of success, but this can only be achieved when a logical sequence of processes and activities is undertaken. The organizational life is therefore dependent on how well the organization spends its entire duration, and this is marked by the differences in its processes, steps, and behaviors. All of these tasks are quintessential towards achieving what the organization deems as pivotal – profits pouring in for the long-term success of the business enterprise, which indeed is the organization itself. The organizational understanding is an important one and that too for all the right reasons. The organization brings with it immense satisfaction and joy for the workers and employees who give their best time and again. The management realms play a significant role in the shaping up of values and morals that are present within it. These values are intricate elements which signify growth and development across the board. It also pinpoints the basis of success that organizations comprise of and look forward to building as far as their relevant future realms are concerned. The organizational understanding is all the more pivotal because it discusses how well the organization is well-knitted within its own basis, and how it embodies the foundations of success which will be built upon with the changing time dimensions. The organizational understanding, therefore, banks on the solid premise of building up of the organization to reap rich dividends for it in the long run.

Competition (BUSINESS 305 CASE ASSIGNMENT MODULE 3) Essay

Competition (BUSINESS 305 CASE ASSIGNMENT MODULE 3) - Essay Example While it may stand to reason that OPEC with its fair share in percentage of global oil production is able to effectively manage prices, it hasn’t necessarily happened that way. Increasing pressure from other factor including competing regions outside OPEC such as North Sea and Central Asian states, has resulted in large fluctuations in oil prices in recent past. Formed primarily to look after the oil exporting interests of member countries, OPEC has a clear set of objectives where it claims to balance member country requirements with needs to stabilize world oil prices. Its charter states that OPEC would strive to â€Å"eliminate harmful and unnecessary fluctuations† in global oil prices and ensure â€Å"efficient, economic and regular supply† to buying nations while at the same time coordinating among member countries to share and â€Å"unify† oil policies to protect their interests (OPEC Statute 1). Even though the oil cartel has been a major force in global economy for over 45 years, it has had its own set of shortcomings in vision. At least twice in the past OPEC tried to raise prices by reducing export of oil. In the first instance, in the early 70’s, the prices spiked by about 50% and in the second case, the maximum increase was 34% in 1980. In each period of OPEC intervention, the price increase was short lived and could not be maintained. The reason for not being able to sustain the price increase is rooted in the simple definition of economy that it is governed by people and its behavior. This behavior then defines the supply and demand relationship that forms the basis for price stability and trends. The sudden rise in oil prices as a result of OPEC’s cutting of exports happened because the supply and demand of oil, like any other commodity, is inelastic in the short term. When the OPEC countries

Write an article with a right wing and left wing about exclusions and Assignment

Write an article with a right wing and left wing about exclusions and the summer riots - Assignment Example 42% of the students were identified as coming from low income earning families and were eligible for claim the free school meals (FSM), it was also identified that 16% of all the 11-15 students analysed were from high schools as at 2011 January. It was also identified that a proportional that was considerable in number of the 10-17 year that appeared before the courts were categorized under the SEN, the students with needs. The percentage identified was 2two third of the population sampled representing a 66% of students between 10-17 years old. Absence rates were also analysed among the 10-17 year old. The absenteeism rate was high than average as those whose attendance data was available were 9%. The rest lacked attendance data indicating a high level of absenteeism. Statistics on social exclusion were also identified and reported. Incidences were high of the social exclusions among students in the bracket of 10-17 year old. According to the statistics, 36% of the analysed students identified that they had one fixed period social exclusion during the study year of 2009. Another proportion of 6% also identified that it had at least one fixed period of exclusion during 2011. The statistics chosen for the analysis is on free school meals. It is evident that it may be the fault of these students. Another look on it is that students may also be right in rioting. From this point, the various students in these institutions are faced with challenges that the institutions are not able of effectively providing. According to Mrs. Martins a teacher at a local high school â€Å"some of the main issues of concern to the students are the issues to do with unfair treatment of the students, issues culminating from ineffective services by the teachers, poor teaching by the teachers, issues to do with poor services soffered at the various cafeterias†. An aspect like food, which is poorly

The Graduate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Graduate - Essay Example The film closes with the celebrated shot of the two in the cover of a transport with devoid interpretations on their appearances. The story centers separately on the excursion of one character, Benjamin Braddock, it is organized in a manner that he is in just about every scene, and his activities drive the story through the three demonstrations. In place for the group of onlookers to think about this character the crowd must have the capacity to feel what the saint feels and be earnestly occupied with his choices. This is accomplished generally through the cautious shot choices and encircling of the Polaroid. One will see that the cinematography is rich with imagery and is frequently set in the perspective of the hero bringing about the group of onlookers to feel the way that the hero feels attaining a feeling of sympathy and backing for the hero. To demonstrate this point the course and cinematography will regularly be tended to (Caporrimo, 2011).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Graduate starts with a nearby up on Benjamin Braddocks face. This instantly creates the principle character. The shot zooms out to uncover that he is on a plane encompassed by exhausted, resting, bland individuals. He mixes right in. The accompanying shot is Ben standing vacuous on a moving walkway. The levelheadedness in his face is very nearly automated; he takes after a thing descending a manufacturing plant line on a conveyer cinch. He is going to return home to a universe of shallow individuals and this shot appears to be speaking to that outwardly. The shot keeps going for a moment considering a watchful perception of our hero. Yet this pacing is deliberate and works adequately for this story. The gathering of people deciphers that our hero is in a trance. He appears lost or out of spot. He appears troubled and out of his component. This begins the group of onlookers considering who Benjamin Braddock is. Not just does this moderate

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Compare and contrast - Essay Example The main characters in Sweat are Delia, the protagonist, a black washerwoman who had been working on the laundry for white people; her husband, Sykes, the antagonist is an abusive husband openly and vagrantly practicing infidelity; Bertha, the other woman of Sykes who he sleeps with; and the townspeople at the village. On the other hand, in A Rose for Emily, the main characters are Emily Grierson, a round character is depicted by the town as a tradition; the rest of the characters are basically flat characters such as Tobe, Emily’s servant; the townspeople; mentions of Emily’s father (who died) and Homer Barron, the significant person in Emily’s life who supposedly dated her and then, disappeared. The main characters are similar in gender and being ‘talk of the town’ in some events in the story; but distinctly different in personality. Delia, despite her small frame and silent stance showed strength and courage in disposition when faced with an extre mely dangerous event (when confronted by the rattlesnake).

Mental Health Nurses are the Best People to Aid Recovery of Depressed Assignment

Mental Health Nurses are the Best People to Aid Recovery of Depressed and Cardiac Patients - Assignment Example Over the recent decade, several studies have linked anxiety and depression with cardiovascular problems, as well as fatal heart attacks (Bogner, Ford & Gallo 2006). A wide-ranging analysis of empirical studies about cardiac patients’ psychosocial medications indicates that a vast sum of resources have been employed in this attempt (Pignay-Demaria, Lesperance, Demaria, Frassure-Smith & Perrault 2003). Hence, it is vital for mental health nurses to be knowledgeable of the important developments that have taken place. A vast number of studies and reviews over the recent decade have analysed the impacts of depression on cardiovascular problem. They propose a relationship between cardiovascular problems and depression, but not a decisive causality trend (Ai et al. 2010). The findings can be classified into three groups (Ai et al. 2010). Primarily, depression portends the start of and weak diagnosis for cardiovascular illness (p. 27). Second, the connection between heart disease and depression is due partly to the connection between cardiac patterns and risk factors and depression like refusal to take medication, poor compliance to minor precautionary treatment, social exclusion, and withdrawal from rehabilitation courses (Ai et al. 2010). Third, some studies indicate that coronary heart disease may reinforce depressive symptoms, particularly among women. Certainly, a significant number of Myocardial Infarction (MI) survivors are experiencing depression (p. 27). Duits and colleagues (1997), in an analysis of 17 potential investigations of psychosocial results after cardiac surgery, discovered that preoperative depression and anxiety portended postoperative mental instability.... The explanations why depression is usually insufficiently addressed and treated in cardiac patients have yet to be completely explained. Depression normally is expressed by grief but can be determined without this particular aspect. Since elders with persistent clinical illnesses such as heart diseases may not show grief or sorrow and because other indications like weakness or weariness are pervasive to cardiovascular problems and depression, overlap in symptoms may reinforce the failure to recognise depression by physicians. On the other hand, patients and physicians might think that depression is a natural response to heart problems. Previous researchers of depression in the perspective of clinical comorbidity evaluated the presence of depression to be a mental outcome of experiencing a disease. Furthermore, a number of physicians may be hesitant to interview their patients regarding their symptoms of depression and patients may be unwilling to reveal these specific symptoms. Moreover, successful treatment of comorbid cardiovascular disease and depression necessitates knowledge of the interaction between these health disorders.

Microsoft in Japan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Microsoft in Japan - Term Paper Example This paper illustrates that Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft Company in 1975. The company’s headquarters is in the US and they develop, sell, support, manufacture, as well as license computer soft wares. The company has over one hundred thousand employees and the computer soft wares they sell include the Microsoft office, windows operating software and internet explorer browser. The multinational company also sells hardwares such as phones, tablets, and the X-box games console. The company estimated its revenue to be around $77b by 2013. The Knowledge Assessment method is used to analyze challenges and opportunities that the company encounters following investment in a foreign company. Like in the case of a clothing line company that expanded its market globally, it faced many challenges. Being a small business, it should have first invested in its educating the employees on possible challenges and how to deal with them. The government policies were very different f rom their home country, and they had difficulties adjusting to the forms of taxes as well as importation policies. The company was also not aware of taxes and quotas that the foreign government had imposed on the sale of imported clothes and they ended up making a loss instead of expected profits. In analyzing the industry, organization, as well as investment analysis in Japan, the costs of starting a business in Japan have reduced drastically since the domestic recession and resulting price deflation of the past 8 - 10 years. Office rents and the values of land have also declined since the bursting of Japans property bubble toward the end of the 1980s. After the domestic recession, many companies in Japan reduced the summer and winter bonuses that they had traditionally paid to their employees.

Human Rights Essay Example for Free

Human Rights Essay The Internet appears to be the ideal technology for democracy. When the Internet began, people thought they could communicate and even engage in commerce without the need for a big police force. As people from different cultures begin connecting to the Internet, it appears that the Internet is only as democratic as people make it. Government’s next move online has been significantly less comfortable. China has recently forced Google to rewrite their search software so that it supports the values of state security over individual freedom by blocking certain sites. In order to continue doing business in China, the Chinese government forced Google to disable certain functionalities of their products so that Chinese citizens cannot connect to Web pages on topics such as human rights and democracy. The Chinese government and Google derived the so-called Great Firewall of China in order to conceal from the public the potential contents that may pose threat to Chinese ideologies and politics. References Baase, S. (2007).Gift of Fire: Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues for Computing and the Internet. Pearson Prentice Hall. Garland, E. (2007). Future, Inc. : How Businesses Can Anticipate and Profit from Whats Next. AMACOM Div American Management. Giddens, A. (2006). Sociology. Polity. Hassan, R. (2004). Media, Politics and the Network Society. McGraw-Hill International. Human Rights Watch, . (2007). Human Rights Watch World Report 2007. Seven Stories Press. Landow, G. P. (2006). Hypertext 3. 0: Critical Theory and New Media in an Era of Globalization. JHU Press. Marling, W. H. (2006). How American Is Globalization?. JHU Press. Meza, E. P. (2007). Coming Attractions? : Hollywood, High Tech, and the Future of Entertainment. Stanford University Press. Reuvid, J. , Li, Y. (2005). Doing Business With China. GMB Publishing Ltd. Wood, A. F. , Smith, M. J. (2005). Online Communication: Linking Technology, Identity, and Culture. Routledge.

The recession & economy Essay Example for Free

The recession economy Essay In order to understand the recession that the economy is going through, it is important for us to take note of the meaning of debts in the corporate world. We can look at the stock market as a big debt market where people buying stocks are in effect â€Å"loaning† money to companies for them to use. Of course, the rate of return of these loans is different from the typical kind as the stock buyer can gain or lose significantly based on the company’s future capacity to pay. Therefore it is intuitive to say that if buyers fear that they would not gain from buying stocks, they would have no reason to do so. As Cook reports, this is precisely the situation where the United States Economy is in at the moment. Government and corporate spending has reached an alarming rate investors no longer believe that their debts can be repaid (Cook). Furthermore, Cook explains that the boom of the market in China and the perpetual pull of Middle Eastern oil magnates have added to the U. S. economic strain. When put together, these are what make the components of the current economic recession. To solve such a vast problem, it is important to go to the source: money. Giving tax cuts would not solve the problem simply because even if interests are down, the public doesn’t have faith in the economy enough to invest. In fact, the Federal Reserve has just recently tried this and it proved to be a very temporary solution. Government spending is just way too high and we are not getting any returns from places where we are spending money the most, Iraq. Unfortunately from an investor’s point of view, backing out of Iraq seems to be a losing bargain. According to Gordon (27), we have simply invested too much into it to get nothing in return. My solution would be to step up operations in extinguishing all rebel forces. As soon as this is done, we can start forging economic alliances that could tie the Iraqi oil reserves to our economy. Oil-rich middle and southern Iraq could greatly increase our economic position and jolt the market back to life. I believe that this is the best way to solve the problem. Works Cited Gordon, Thomas. The Economics of the Iraq Post-War Occupation. Rudyard Books, N. Y: 2006 Cook, Robert. It’s Official: The Crash of the U. S. Economy has begun. Global Research Jun 14, 2007, Jan 25 2008 http://www. globalresearch. ca/index. php? context=vaaid=5964

Difference Between Cost Control and Cost Reduction

Difference Between Cost Control and Cost Reduction Introduction A cost reduction program is a type of method which is to improve profitability of the organization or by expected to get a good result that flow to the bottom line of the financial statement and exempted from any serious damage to the organization itself. As this program is much more about reducing cost or reducing expenses of the organization, so a good cost reduction program is all about how to control the damage of an organization. Furthermore, a cost reduction program is said can be improved the profitability of an organization because by reducing expenses, profits are increased without making others changes. On the other hand, if the cost reduction program can matched with a sales improvement program and perhaps, finally it will get the double profit. A cost reduction program must be a complete plan that is results-oriented. A structured cost reduction program will put the company on track to achieve maximum profitability and achieve the highest performance. Moreover, this program also implies a series of program that retain all of the essential characteristics and quality of the product and thus it must be confined to permanent and genuine savings in the costs of manufacture, administration, distribution and selling, brought about by elimination of wasteful and inessential elements form the design of the product and from the techniques and practices carried out in connection therewith. What is the different between cost control and cost reduction? In fact, cost control also known as cost management or cost containment; it controls the costs of the organization at the given level. Besides, cost control emphasis on ensuring that the cost does not exceed the standard budget of the organization. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations. However, cost reduction is a power exercise or is an exercise which will out all of the effort to saving cost from whatever level they are. Cost reduction does not have any standard, or anything is accepted as ideal. Every element of cost is scrutinized, every operation is screened and every procedure is analyzed to identify the ways and means of reducing costs. Cost reduction can result in saving the product cost, manufacturing cost s, and life cycle cost. There are two different concepts between cost control and cost reduction. Cost control is achieving the cost target as its objective while cost reduction is directed to explore the possibilities of improving the targets or company profitability. Therefore, cost control will end the exercise when achieved the organization target or objective. While cost reduction is a continuous process and it has no visible end. Furthermore, cost control try to attain the lowest possible cost under existing conditions whereas cost reduction does not recognize any condition as permanent since a change will result in lowering the cost. If the cost control emphasis is on past and present, while the cost reduction emphasis is on the present and future. Besides, cost control is a preventive function whereas cost reduction is a correlative function. It run even when an efficient cost control system exists. The difference between both of it can be summarized as cost control ensuring the costs is in accordance with established standards whereas cost reduction is concerned with try to improve the cost by continuous and without accordance with any of the standard. The main benefits of cost reduction programs are it can enhance profitability and enhance cash flow of the organization. It presents the key elements and factors to consider in program design and implementation. Cost reduction program is also can ensure the results will match with the goals or objective and the values of the organization. It is a widely-acknowledged fact that cost reduction program is one of the most challenging responsibilities or tasks that a company needs to undertake, especially when there are so many ways open to cost-conscious managers. Finally, an integrated tax reduction program can reduce the onerous financial burdens that can stable a companys development and can free up precious capital that can be result to the firms long-term benefit. Literature Reviews/Case Study/Research Findings There are five cases and cost reduction methods in these literature reviews. The methods including Target Costing (TC), Activity-Based Costing (ABC), Just in Time (JIT), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), and Value Engineering (VE). Case study 1 (Target Costing) Definition: Target costing also called product costing method in which an attempt at the planning and development phase of a product life cycle to attain a specified cost that is decided by management. This approach is to seek the lower costs by designing a quality product that reduces costs in the production phase. It can be described as a systematic process of cost management and profit planning. Case study: In 1993, Toyota uses target costing approach to generally reduce costs at the design stage. By using this approach, Toyota sets goals for cost reduction and then tries to achieve these new targets through design changes that will accomplish the cost reduction goal. Toyota was comparing the costs of the new design with the old design in order to guarantee a cost reduction after implementation of the new technique. This is the main idea that Toyota uses to achieve their companywide goals. There are several steps in the sequence of price, production, and cost decisions. First, Toyota decides what the new retail price of the automobile by taking the old price and adding the value of any new functions. The sales division comes up with the suggestion for the production volume by taking past numbers and indexing them to market trends and the state of competitors. Second, Toyota is focus on cost planning. This cost planning is based on the product plan and targets for retail price and also production volume. The purpose of using cost planning by Toyota is for determine the amount by which costs can be reduced through better design of the new model. Toyota establishes a profit target that is subtracted to determine their target cost. These cost planning decisions are made for three years before they release the model. Toyota estimates the approximate costs of a new model by sums of the cost variations of the new model and the old model. This technique is very beneficial to Toyota, because it tends to be less work and provides more accurate results. In addition, it also helps the specific divisions understand the cost fluctuations. Besides that, Toyota removes variable costs both models incur such as wages and indirect costs by using this approach. Meanwhile, they use their decisions on costs that change between the two models in design and production volume. The main point in this case study is to show how cost planning at Toyota is focused on the design phase. Toyota does this by setting goals for cost reductions through design changes. Toyota takes these goals and then assesses them to different divisions to make the necessary changes. Toyota believes that by changing product design to produce lower price to achieve a higher level of profitability. Case Study 2 (Activity-based Costing) Definition: Activity-Based Costing is a costing model that identifies the cost pools, or activity centers, in an organization and assigns costs to products and services (cost drivers) based on the number of events or transactions involved in the process of providing a product or service. The concept of Activity-Based Costing has been considered a sophisticated method of cost calculation since the early 1980s. In addition, Activity-Based Costing (ABC) assigns manufacturing overhead costs to products in a more logical manner than the traditional approach of simply allocating costs on the basis of machine hours. Activity-Based Costing first assigns costs to the activities that are the real cause of the overhead. It then assigns the cost of those activities only to the products that are actually demanding the activities. Case study: Boeing Commercial Airplane Group (BCAG) is the worlds largest manufacturer of commercial airplanes. It comprises approximately 60% of Boeings total revenues. BCAG Wichita is a cost center manufacturing plant producing fuselages, noses, struts, nacelles, and thrust reversers for 737, 747, 757, 767, and 777 airplane models. In May 1999, the plant employed approximately 16,835 employees directly, and was responsible for indirect employment of 53,100 workers within the state of Kansas. As part of its overall drive to gain and retain world-class aerospace manufacturing status, BCAG Wichita is focused on developing a lean, efficient design and production system supported by an effective cost management strategy. The cost management strategy supports initiatives designed to link the manufacturing process and support activities so as to simplify the whole production process, while maximizing benefits from the use of lean business practices. Cost management strategy initiatives include simplifying production, shortening flow and cycle times, increasing quality and inventory turnover, identifying core products and processes, and linking the design and manufacturing process to decrease product time-to-market. Activity-Based Costing links and supports the manufacturing process. It provides information to tailor business streams and material management, costs of activity and processes, value added versus non-value added analysis and profitability analysis used to improve the make versus buy decision-making process. ABC also provides analysis of set-up and run costs, costs of scheduled and unscheduled maintenance, costs of asset failure, and costs of manufacturing capacity, thereby allowing manufact uring managers to manage the assets under their control more effectively. Finally, ABC provides analysis on the costs of design changes in configuration as impacted on the manufacturing floor, costs of incorporating complexity into a configuration design, and the costs of quality. The highest hurdle in achieving this type of cost management architecture lies in moving the corporate financial department from its classic accounting role as scorekeeper or policeman to the role of business partner. In a business partner role, the corporate financial department can support strategic decisions relevant to the companys continued competitive advantage by providing financial data that highlights the impact of these decisions. BCAG Wichita views a successful implementation of ABC as one that fulfills three major roles: Addresses the size, complexity, and diversity of the manufacturing process, Facilitates the integration of financial decision makers into a more supportive business partnership role, and Implements effective cost management strategy initiatives. Case Study 3 (Just in Time) Definition: Just-in-time (JIT) production also known as lean production, it is a pull system of production, means the actual orders provide a signal for when a product should be manufactured. When there is Demand-pull, it enables a company to produce only what is required, with the correct quantity and correct time. These features of Just-in-time production system accomplish close organization among work- stations. Therefore, its objective can be defined as producing the right part in the right place at the right time (in other words, just in time). Case study: From July 1990, top managers of Daioku have begun completing the Kanban production system-moving from the traditional push-type production management to pull-type production management. This type of system produces only quantities necessary to fulfill the demands of the next operation. The quantity is pulled when it is needed, where it is needed, and in the exact quantity which is needed. For instead, since beginning the implementation of Just-In-Time, many difficulties have occurred. The difficulties include: Combining the data and material flows instead of classifying them. Post the products, its store and manufacturing process instead of a flow without any post. Changing from L-shape assembly line into V-shape assembly line. This requires a set of new equipments and techniques. Problems exist between Daioku and supplier (subcontractors), for instance, traditional ways of shipping material based on the pre-determined plan is now being eliminated and every supplier are now required to collect the Kanban back from the order-post and ship their material based on the information in the Kanban. Everyone in the firm required to participate in Just-In-Time. They need to determine how to make the shop floor operations become easier and efficient. Daioku carried out discussions and meetings to find solutions to the problems in the year of 1992. Therefore, Daioku sent their experts to help suppliers to solve their problems gradually. In Daioku, The inventory part was reduced the dramatically in this year. By using Just-In-Time method, the stock levels of raw materials, work in progress, components and finished goods can keep in a minimum. However, this requires a carefully planned scheduling and flow of resources through the production process. Just-in-time method promotes continuous enhances on the products. At the same time, this method can eliminate waste. Waste results from any activity that adds cost without adding value. For example, the unnecessary moving of materials, the accumulation of excess inventory, or the use of faulty production methods that create products requiring subsequent rework. Just-In-Time should enhance the profits and return on investment by reducing inventory levels (rising the inventory turnover rate), reducing variability, improving product quality, reducing production and delivery lead times, and reducing other costs (like those associated with machine setup and equipment breakdown). In conclusion, Just-In-Time production system aims to (1) meet customer demand in a timely manner (2) at the lowest possible total cost and (3) with high-quality products. Case Study 4 (Enterprise Resource Planning) Definition: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is a computerized inventory control and production system that was born from Material Requirements Planning systems (MRP). It is a system that organizes functions of an institution. It assists in account, finance, human resources and e-commerce applications through creation of databases and graphical user interfaces. It unifies the tasks of institutions like corporations, government agencies, non-profit organizations, powerful institutions and industries and businesses establishments. There are some businesses start to compete on a global scale, it is critical to streamline operations and processes in business to reach a higher level of productivity and efficiency in information exchange and supports e-commerce applications, for example supply chain management (SCM) and customer relationship management (CRM). On the other hand, software that comes up with functionality to various systems that will coincide with one another as a whole is required to combine all of the information or operations of a company into a single unit. Central database is one of the most outstanding parts of the ERP system. Case Study: By October 1997, a group of 50 top business executives and 10 senior IT professionals had been congregated to device the SAP project to come up with a set of best practices that would become common work procedures for every Nestlà © division which are manufacturing, purchasing, accounting and sales by adopted new pan-Nestle way. Firstly, in order to implement the technical side, a common structure across the company, the vanilla would be code 1234 in every division. The SAP system customize around the uniform affair procedure. The group decided that they are not to use SAP in supply chain because the ERP supply chain module adopted was brand-new and therefore risky. Furthermore, Manugistics supply chain module followed all the SAP standards and could easily be integrated. Nestlà © implement five SAP modules which are purchasing, financials, sales and distribution, accounts payable and accounts receivable and the Manugistics supply chain module which deployed across every Nestlà © division, by March 1998. Besides that, the purchasing company for confections pursues the identical best practices and information as the purchasing company for beverages. To beat the Y2K deadline, the best project group had overlooked the integration points between the modules. All purchasing departments now used general names and systems, and followed a general process, but their system was not integrated with the financial, planning or sales groups. A salesperson may have given a valuable customer a discount rate and entered it into the new system, however the accounts receivable department wouldnt know about it. Hence, it would appear to the accounts receivable operative as though the invoice were only partially paid as customer paid the discounted rate. The project team had essentially replaced divisional silos with process silos to unify the companys separate brands. The time constraints necessitated by Y2K had put too much pressure on the people in charge of executing the changes. The project team had lost the big picture of how the various components would work together. Hence, the existing modules had to be integrated and the team still needed to roll out another two more SAP modules which are sales and distribution on the domestic side, and accounts receivable as well as a new module for the supply chain. Since Dunn had rejected the SAP supply chain module two years before, therefore, it leads to decision to replace all but a couple of parts of the Manugistics system with APO. The last state of design was completed on April 2001 and giving the project teams a highly detailed road map to follow. One month later, Tom James came on board as director of process change for the Best project with the responsibility as a connection between the divisions and the project team. He was so surprised by the poor relationship between divisions and project team. They conducted surveys that were involved of how the workers affected by the new systems were dealing with the changes and the feedback was the users were not prepared to make process alter. ERP projects are famous and need a long period and a lot of money to done it. Dunn maintains the slow and steady wins the race. Nestlà © United State accomplishes the significant ROI with the greatest bulk of savings from better demand forecasting. The old process included a sales man giving a number to the those men and demand planner do not know what the hell they are talking about then the factory changes the number again. With SAP in place, general databases and business processes lead to more trustworthy demand forecasts for the various Nestlà © products. Furthermore, because all of Nestlà © United State also using the same data then Nestlà © can forecast down to the distribution center level to diminish the inventory and the redistribution expenses that occur when too much of a product is sent to one place and not enough to another. The supply chain improvements accounted for a major chunk of the $325 million has saved from SAP. Case 5 Value Engineering (VE) Definition: Value engineering (VE) is a systematic method to improve the value of goods or products and services by using an examination of function. Value, as defined, is the ratio of function to cost. Value can therefore be increased by either improving the function or reducing the cost. It is a primary tenet of value engineering that basic functions be preserved and not be reduced as a consequence of pursuing value improvements. [1] Value engineering is sometimes taught within the project management or industrial engineering body of knowledge as a technique in which the value of a systems outputs is optimized by crafting a mix of performance (function) and costs. In most cases this practice identifies and removes unnecessary expenditures, thereby increasing the value for the manufacturer and/or their customers. Case Study: This project was for an underground car park beneath a new shopping centre in Three Waters, Madrid. A fully ducted ventilation system was the approved design contained with the Spanish Building Regulations. However, this would be costly to install and would impact on the development programmed. Therefore, the purpose of the simulation was to demonstrate that a non-ducted, mechanical system would also meet the Spanish Building Regulations. The planning requirements often mean extensive car parks to proposed offices, residential and retail developments. The ventilation of these car parks can present a significant cost to the developer in terms of capital expenditure for plant, energy consumption and maintenance, as well as the implications for the programmed if extensive ductwork and plant has to be installed. The use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is most effectively used at early design stage, also can be used as a tool for solving existing problems. The specific objectives of a project can vary considerably. The key objectives of the simulations are normally to ensure that the distribution and concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), is in accordance with Building Regulations. The Building Regulations comprise a number of Approved Documents. These Approved Documents contain design options which if adopted, the scheme is deemed to comply. Applying Value Engineering can identify potential savings in capital, maintenance and energy costs without any adverse effect on performance. Computer simulation is therefore, becoming an essential value engineering design tool. For example, a designer may question why 6 air changes per hour (ACH) should be provided when 4 ACH will accomplish the desired result. The benefits of simulation are that the proposed designs can be tested against the acceptance criteria contained within the Building Regulations before any financial commitment is made. In conclusion, Three Waters using  [i]  of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as a tool for value engineering can significantly benefit new and existing developments by avoiding unnecessary capital expenditure, reducing construction time, and providing reductions in energy consumption, CO2 emissions and maintenance. Analyses/Discussion Cost reduction programs have classified in many types and each type of the program will provides different benefits to the companies. In this part, we are going to give the analysis of the advantages and benefits the types of cost reduction methods which shown below. Finally, analysis of cost reduction will show in the end of this part. Total Quality Management (TQM) TQM is the one of the famous method that uses the focus of quality of management process. This will increase the productivity and efficiency in the business and in the manufacturing process. If the process is used from the beginning during the manufacturing process, there is less likely of chance for incorrectly producing products or devices. Therefore, it would bring the correct product in the end of process in creating less waste in raw materials and less lost hours due to repeating of the process. TQM method is not only will increase the productivity, but it also increases the level of pride in the employees. This is because each employee becomes responsible for a higher level of quality in his or her work. Kaizen Costing (KC) Kaizen costing is the maintenance of present levels for products currently being manufactured via systematic efforts to achieve the desired cost level. In general, it is the process of cost reduction during the manufacturing phase of a product. The word KAI is means modify and change and ZEN means think, make good, and make better. So, in overall, kaizen costing is focuses on continuous and gradual by small betterment activities rather than large or radical improvement made through innovation or large investments in technology. Basically, kaizen costing imply four effects, there are paying attention to the quality and productivity, acquiring little by little kaizen and problem-solving ability, perceiving the work place as their own, and understanding the meaning of kaizen. Kaizen costing meets the goal with the continual and relentless reduction of non-value-added activities and costs, the elimination of waste, and improvements in manufacturing cycle time all contribute to the effort. In additional, kaizen costing has brings the benefit of reduction in production time, reduction in rejection, energy saving, and improved quality. Value Engineering (VE)/Value Analysis(VA) Value engineering (VE) or value analysis (VA) is a process of systematic review that is applied to existing product designs in order to compare the function of the product required by a customer to meet their requirements at the lowest cost consistent with the specified performance and reliability needed. The key focus of the value engineering is the management of functionality to yield value to the customer. For instance, not that long ago, consumers of electric kettles were offered a variety different types of metal-based boiling device. The value of a kettle is derived through heating water and therefore its functionality can be determined as temperature, capacity, reliability, safety, and else. With the same functionality of the boiling water, designers would probably look towards a kettle which made of plastic. Plastic has the same functionality as metal in terms of containing and boiling water. However the switch from metal to plastic does not impair this value and functionality with the customers. This is because the customers just want to boil water, but it gives result in a cost saving for the manufacturing company. The benefits of effective VE process can be summed up including speed of getting an effective design into the market without problems and through error-free manufacturing and assembly processes, reliability and durability of the product in the market which enhances the reputation of the product and the company, low overall cost which enhances product margin and also releases finances within the business as well as allowing the ability to engage in price competition, enhanced quality and compliance with minimal costs of warranty that allows a company to differentiate its products based this perceived quality of use and esteem, and finally the value engineering process satisfies the primary goal of any business which is to make a profit and survive. Activity Based Costing (ABC) Activity-Based Costing method is a tool which could bring about significant improvement in the quality of overhead cost allocation. The ABC process is able to incorporate both physical measures and causal principles in the costing system. The basic idea of ABC is to allocate costs to operations through the various activities in place that can be measured by cost drivers. In other words, cost units are assigned to individual activities, such as planning, packing, and quality control using a resource cost driver at an initial stage with the costs of these activities being allocated to specific products or cost objects in a second phase of allocation via an activity cost driver. The advantages are providing insight into the fastest- growing and least visible element of cost-overhead, improving profitability by monitoring total life-cycle cost and performance. It also improves the effectiveness of budgeting by identifying the cost or performance relationship of difference service level. It encourages continuous improvement and total quality control because planning and control are directed at process level. At last, is facilitating elimination of waste by providing visibility of non-value added activities and improving make or buy, estimating, and pricing decisions that are based on product cost that mirrors the manufacturing process. As a result, ABC can support managers to see how to maximize shareholder value and improve corporate performance. Enterprise Resource Planning ERP can be describes to integrate all departments and functions across a company onto a single computer system that can serve all those different departments particular needs. Hence, it is extremely important to know how to use effectively Enterprise Resource Planning for a success implementation. In order for Enterprise Resource Planning system to succeed, it must be capable of successfully integrating manufacturing with the other processes of a company. Besides that, Enterprise Resource Planning is not the cure to all the problems a business will face. A number of advantages and disadvantages exists to this technology, and those who know this will be the most likely to succeed. By the implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning, it comes up with a number of advantages that helps to solve a number of problems that have plagued large organizations in the past and used to integrate the many processes of a company or organization. Scalability is also an advantage, like Enterprise Resource Planning also helps to improve the production levels and to control costs more efficiently, and this enabled us to control the whole enterprise more efficiently. As a result, Enterprise Resource Planning is no longer just a competitive advantage in this globalized world. It is very important requirement for every enterprise. To truly be effective, it may be necessary to combine the benefits of Enterprise Resource Planning with those of Customer Relationship Management (CRM). Just in Time (JIT) Just in Time is a set of techniques to improve the return of investment of a business by reducing in-process inventory and its associated costs. In addition, the process is driven by a series of signals, or Kanban that tell production processes to make the next part. Just In time causes dramatic improvements in a manufacturing organization`s return on investment, quality, and efficiency. For an example, Toyota Motor Thailand had implement Just In time methods during the crisis on July 1, 1997. Toyota Motor showed a strong commitment to uniting with whole workforce as well as suppliers and dealers to ride out the crisis. This commitment was shared with the labor union, and the entire company together with the Toyota Group implemented through measures to make operations more leaner, utilizing the resulting excess labor to implement improvement initiatives as well as additional education of employees and suppliers. Based on the concept of just in time, energy was supplied to each process when it was needed and in just the right amount; personal wastebaskets were reduced to one quarter of their original size to encourage less paper usage; and localization was promoted by expanding local procurement to Tier 2 and Tier suppliers. Meanwhile, Toyota Motor Thailand also directed energy into the education and training employees. As a result of these efforts, without having dis missed a single full-time employee, inventories were cleared in January 1998 and production began to rise again. In 2004, Toyota Motor Thailand produced 273980 vehicles. Toyota Motor Thailand paved the way for the strides forward it is making today. There are several examples of advantages of JIT. Both inventory and the cost of holding it go down as the inventory-reorder quantity and the maximum inventory level drop. However, because inventory requires incurring an ordering or setup orders that mu